Biomass as an energy source and carbon stock

Iuliana Florentina Gheorghe

doi:10.2478/ffp-2024-0032

Figures & Tables

Species wood caloric capacity at 0%, 15%, 30% humidity

Biomass, annual increase of biomass, energy, and annual energy production of the pure natural forests

Biomass, annual increase of biomass, energy, and annual energy production of the mixed natural forests

Biomass, annual increase of biomass, energy, and annual energy production of the planted forest

Wood biomass, increase of wood biomass, carbon stock, and annual carbon stock in all the 90 types of forests

Trees composition, age, stand crop woody volume, volume annual wood productivity, stand crop biomass, and annual increase of biomass (data provided by “Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry (INCDS) – planning studies between 1999 and 2017)

No.	Type of forest	Tree composition	Average age (years)	Volume/ha (m³/ha)	Productivity (m³/ha/year)	Biomass (t/ha)	Increase of biomass (t/ha/year)
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Natural pure forests
1	Spruce forest	10Mo	100 ± 15	208.75	11.08	90.13	4.78
2	Spruce forest	10Mo	95 ± 25	555.09	30.18	239.96	13.05
3	Spruce forest	10Mo	25 ± 5	92.48	10.37	42.17	4.73
4	Spruce forest	10Mo	100 ± 15	463.26	14.95	196.07	6.33
5	Pine forest	10Pi	85 ± 25	256.31	14.56	119.18	6.77
6	Beech forest	10Fg	130 ± 25	171.30	13.89	129.63	10.51
7	Beech forest	10Fg	105 ± 5	170.94	14.96	130.13	11.39
8	Beech forest	10Fg	75 ± 35	179.98	19.04	139.31	14.74
9	Beech forest	10Fg	150 ± 15	121.00	5.28	88.40	3.86
10	Beech forest	10Fg	105 ± 25	215.02	11.04	158.24	8.12
11	Beech forest	10Fg	140 ± 15	276.03	9.03	199.54	6.53
12	Beech forest	10Fg	100 ± 25	201.91	10.31	148.55	7.59
13	Beech forest	10Fg	150 ± 5	402.04	14.80	283.93	10.45
14	Beech forest	10Fg	150 ± 15	389.72	15.89	249.76	10.18
15	Beech forest	10Fg	130 ± 20	342.97	13.83	355.00	14.32
16	Beech forest	10Fg	170 ± 5	495.98	11.16	102.00	2.30
17	Beech forest	10Fg	180 ± 5	139.98	5.74	291.79	11.97
18	Turkey oak forest	10Ce	50 ± 15	148.54	5.73	121.87	4.70
19	Turkey oak forest	10Ce	50 ± 15	144.08	6.21	118.73	5.12
20	Turkey oak forest	10Ce	55 ± 15	114.63	4.19	93.87	3.43
21	Turkey oak forest	10Ce	60 ± 15	140.08	3.99	113.82	3.24
22	Turkey oak forest	10Ce	80 ± 15	147.68	3.88	119.73	3.15
23	Sessile oak forest	10Go	110 ± 15	196.82	15.87	291.79	23.53
24	Oak forest	10St	45 ± 15	209.44	8.21	154.53	6.06
25	Oak forest	10St	55 ± 15	209.99	8.36	155.03	6.17
Natural mixed forests
26	Fir forest	7Br, 2Fg, 1Mo	130 ± 30	443.90	20.96	217.55	10.27
27	Fir forest	7Br, 2Fg, 1Mo	110 ± 40	550.32	15.92	265.00	7.67
28	Fir forest	4Br, 3Fg, 3Mo	120 ± 30	396.03	18.63	206.09	9.69
28	Fir forest	6Br, 2Fg, 2Mo	110 ± 25	519.04	20.02	252.28	9.73
30	Fir forest	8Br, 2Fg	110 ± 25	168.98	10.42	83.96	5.18
31	Fir forest	6Br, 1Fg, 3Mo	130 ± 15	486.29	16.13	220.56	7.32
32	Fir forest	5Br, 3Fg, 2Mo	170 ± 10	412.98	14.98	212.70	7.72
33	Fir forest	6Br, 4Fg	130 ± 25	439.98	17.57	240.67	9.61
34	Fir forest	6Br, 2Fg, 2Mo	140 ± 15	316.03	10.49	152.81	5.07
35	Fir forest	6Br, 2Fg, 2Mo	130 ± 15	327.85	11.60	158.86	5.62
36	Fir forest	6Br, 4Fg	160 ± 10	157.89	9.76	88.18	5.45
37	Fir forest	6Br, 4Fg	170 ± 10	62.98	10.18	38.48	6.22
38	Fir forest	6Br, 2Fg, 2Mo	140 ± 15	101.04	10.63	52.26	5.50
39	Fir forest	6Br, 2Fg, 2Mo	140 ± 15	276.04	12.59	135.08	6.16
40	Fir forest	8Br, 2An	150 ± 15	243.31	7.87	82.41	2.67
41	Fir forest	5Br, 2Fg, 3Mo	130 ± 20	224.90	10.37	110.11	5.08
42	Alpine mixed forest	4Br, 4Fg, 2Mo	150 ± 10	258.03	11.88	141.97	6.54
43	Alpine mixed forest	4Br, 4Fg, 2Mo	150 ± 10	497.03	16.17	269.94	8.78
44	Alpine mixed forest	5Br, 5Fg,	150 ± 10	306.06	10.95	175.94	6.29
45	Beech forest	6Fg, 3Br, 1Mo	120 ± 15	86.40	10.08	56.34	6.57
46	Beech forest	6Fg, 4Br,	170 ± 10	265.02	12.32	161.97	7.53
47	Beech forest	5Fg, 3Br, 2Mo	110 ± 30	509.02	33.03	300.84	19.52
48	Beech forest	5Fg, 3Br, 2Mo	110 ± 30	480.03	36.72	286.80	21.94
49	Beech forest	7Fg, 2Br, 1Mo	150 ± 10	407.04	17.18	260.05	10.98
50	Spruce forest	5Mo, 3Br, 2Fg	120 ± 15	208.75	11.08	102.88	5.46
51	Spruce forest	5Mo, 3Br, 2Fg	120 ± 15	421.04	12.50	202.90	6.02
52	Spruce forest	5Mo, 3Br, 2Fg	140 ± 15	523.02	15.54	252.05	7.49
53	Spruce forest	5Mo, 3Br, 2Fg	150 ± 10	411.02	13.46	198.66	6.51
54	Spruce forest	6Mo, 2Br, 2Fg	90 ± 10	414.26	8.64	197.92	4.13
55	Spruce forest	9Mo, 1Fg	120 ± 5	475.04	6.42	211.36	2.86
56	Spruce forest	5Mo, 3Br, 2Fg	130 ± 10	537.18	4.79	215.70	1.92
57	Turkey oak forest	7Ce, 2Gi, 1Fr	45 ± 20	30.97	4.38	28.67	4.05
58	Turkey oak forest	6Ce, 4Gi	30 ± 25	129.18	4.98	114.04	4.40
59	Turkey oak forest	6Ce, 3St, 1Ca	120 ± 5	247.35	2.87	189.42	2.20
60	Turkey oak forest	6Ce, 3St, 1Gi	65 ± 15	221.77	5.72	177.67	4.58
61	Oak forest	7St, 3Fr	60 ± 15	91.96	6.71	69.76	5.09
62	Oak forest	6St, 4Ce	50 ± 15	124.12	7.62	97.75	6.00
63	Oak forest	6St, 4Fr	45 ± 20	166.09	7.49	122.55	5.53
64	Willow forest	6Sa, 4Fr	20 ± 15	72.49	9.36	47.96	6.19
66	Poplar forest	7Pl, 3Fr	35 ± 10	294.02	8.19	169.24	4.71
66	Ash forest	8Fr, 2Pl	30 ± 10	144.85	7.69	100.68	5.34
Planted forests
67	Acacia planted forest	10Sc	5	10.48	5.62	9.82	5.27
68	Acacia planted forest	10Sc	5	7.96	7.01	9.13	8.04
69	Acacia planted forest	10Sc	10	32.02	5.81	23.08	4.19
70	Acacia planted forest	10Sc	5	17.02	6.39	14.28	5.36
71	Acacia planted forest	10Sc	7	19.01	8.20	16.60	7.16
72	Acacia planted forest	10Sc	30	66.03	1.98	41.49	1.24
73	Poplar planted forest	10Pl	35	326.16	6.97	159.82	3.49
74	Poplar planted forest	10Pl	30	300.28	11.99	147.14	6.11
75	Poplar planted forest	10Pl	15	99.34	14.22	48.68	7.97
76	Poplar planted forest	10Pl	35	407.19	11.22	199.52	5.65
77	Poplar planted forest	10Pl	25	76.35	15.26	37.41	8.97
78	Poplar planted forest	10Pl	25	138.12	6.42	67.68	3.29
79	Poplar planted forest	10Pl	10	78.15	16.04	38.29	71.41
80	Poplar planted forest	10Pl	10	13.31	5.9	6.52	2.89
81	Poplar planted forest	10Pl	5	5.49	6.32	2.69	3.10
82	Ash planted forest	10Fr	90	269.02	2.97	190.39	2.10
83	Willow planted forest	10Sa	15	148.69	18.31	85.17	10.49
84	Willow planted forest	10Sa	5	7.29	3.98	3.72	2.03
85	Spruce planted forest	10Mo	50	278.35	11.38	118.79	4.86
86	Spruce planted forest	10Mo	30	174.97	9.85	75.78	4.27
87	Spruce planted forest	10Mo	25	109.23	10.36	49.03	4.65
88	Mixed planted, poplar and ash forest	5Pla, 5Fr	40	217.09	5.93	112.63	3.08
89	Mixed planted, willow and poplar forest	7Pln, 3Sa	20	191.17	13.76	95.29	6.86
90	Mixed planted, willow and poplar forest	7Pln, 3Sa	15	135.26	13.61	66.54	6.70

Tree wood density and wood caloric capacity at 0%, 15%, 30% humidity (data were obtained in the INCDS laboratories)

No.	Species	Wood density (kg/m³)	Caloric capacity (Kcal/kg) 0% humidity	Caloric capacity (Kcal/kg) 15% humidity	Caloric capacity (Kcal/kg) 30% humidity	Caloric capacity (KWh/kg) 0% humidity	Caloric capacity (KWh/kg) 15% humidity	Caloric capacity (KWh/kg) 30% humidity
1	Acacia Robinia pseudoacacia	610	4527	3575	3347	5.264	4.157	4.003
2	Alder Alnus glutinosa	530	4316	3392	3192	5.019	3.948	3.697
3	Ash Fraxinus excelsior	700	4255	3340	3201	4.948	3.884	3.529
4	Beech Fagus sylvatica	700	4494	3545	3000	5.226	4.122	3.488
5	Bleak Poplar Populus nigra	420	4123	3230	3128	4.786	3.780	3.489
6	Fir Abies alba	410	4654	3690	3520	5.412	4.291	3.997
7	Hornbeam Carpinus betulus	700	4062	3180	3014	4.723	3.698	3.416
8	Hungarian oak Quercus frainetto	940	4387	3452	3243	5.109	4.018	3.772
9	Oak Quercus robur	710	4390	3450	3240	5.105	4.012	3.767
10	Pine Pinus sylvestris	440	5066	4050	3660	5.891	4.709	4.256
11	Hybrid Poplar Populus sp. hybrid	490	4223	3231	3150	4.894	3.791	3.434
12	Sessile oak Quercuspetraea	710	4397	3439	3241	5.044	4.003	3.105
13	Spruce Picea abies	410	4696	3725	3400	5.460	4.331	3.953
14	Turkey oak Quercus cerris	790	4395	3448	3242	5.105	4.012	3.767
15	White Poplar Populus alba	500	4120	3225	3114	4.792	3.785	3.489
16	Willow Salix sp.	510	4264	3260	3112	4.958	3.756	3.559

Biomass as an energy source and carbon stock

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Trees composition, age, stand crop woody volume, volume annual wood productivity, stand crop biomass, and annual increase of biomass (data provided by “Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry (INCDS) – planning studies between 1999 and 2017)

Tree wood density and wood caloric capacity at 0%, 15%, 30% humidity (data were obtained in the INCDS laboratories)

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