Fuel models for forest soil cover plant

Tyburski, Łukasz; Czubak, Damian; Szczygieł, Ryszard; Kwiatkowski, Mirosław

doi:10.2478/ffp-2024-0025

Figures & Tables

Location of research sites where soil cover fuel load measurements were carried out

Fire occurrence depending on the type of soil cover (%)

Observed and predicted moisture content of down litter and decay values

The p-value of the Kruskal–Wallis test for multiple comparisons of boggy soil according to forest habitat types

Forest habitat type	Moist mixed coniferous forest	Fresh mixed coniferous forest	Fresh coniferous forest	Mixed hardwood forest	Moist coniferous forest	Riparian forest	Dry coniferous forest
Moist mixed coniferous forest	–	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	1.00
Fresh mixed coniferous forest	0.00	–	0.07	0.00	0.00	1.00	0.00
Fresh coniferous forest	0.00	0.07	–	0.00	0.00	1.00	0.00
Mixed hardwood forest	0.00	0.00	0.00	–	0.00	0.02	0.00
Moist coniferous forest	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	–	0.00	0.08
Riparian forest	0.01	1.00	1.00	0.02	0.00	–	0.01
Dry coniferous forest	1.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.08	0.01	–

Types of fuel models depending on the type of forest habitat and type of soil cover

Forest habitat type	Type of soil cover
Forest habitat type	Moss	Moss–blackberry	Without litter	Heavily sodded	Heavily infested with weeds	Litter	Sodded	Herbaceous
Dry coniferous forest	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM
Moist coniferous forest	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM
Boggy coniferous forest	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM
Moist mixed coniferous forest	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM
Boggy mixed coniferous forest	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM	DFM
Boggy mountain coniferous forest	MFM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	LFM	GCGM	GCGM
Mountain fresh coniferous forest	MFM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	LFM	GCGM	GCGM
Mountain moist coniferous forest	MFM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	LFM	GCGM	GCGM
Boggy mixed mountain coniferous forest	MFM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	LFM	GCGM	GCGM
Fresh mixed mountain coniferous forest	MFM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	LFM	GCGM	GCGM
Moist mixed mountain coniferous forest	MFM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	LFM	GCGM	GCGM
Fresh mixed coniferous forest	MFM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	LFM	GCGM	GCGM
Fresh upland mixed coniferous forest	MFM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	LFM	GCGM	GCGM
Moist upland mixed coniferous forest	MFM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	LFM	GCGM	GCGM
Fresh coniferous forest	MFM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	LFM	GCGM	GCGM
High-mountain coniferous forest	MFM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	GCGM	LFM	GCGM	GCGM
Fresh mountain hardwood forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM
Moist mountain hardwood forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM
Riparian forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM
Mountain riparian forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM
Upland riparian forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM
Boggy mixed hardwood forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM
Fresh mixed mountain hardwood forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM
Moist mixed mountain hardwood forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM
Mixed hardwood forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM
Moist mixed hardwood forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM
Fresh upland mixed hardwood forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM
Moist upland mixed hardwood forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM
Fresh hardwood forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM
Moist hardwood forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM
Fresh upland hardwood forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM
Moist upland hardwood forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM
Alder forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM
Ash–alder swamp forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM
Mountain ash–alder swamp forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM
Upland ash–alder swamp forest	MFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	HHFM	LFM	HHFM	HHFM

The occurrence of forest fires according to the age class of the tree stand, expressed by the flammability index and the proportion of the area covered by these stands

Age class	Flammability index for		Share of tree stand area in a given age class
Age class	number of fires	burnt surface	Share of tree stand area in a given age class
I (up to 20 years)	2.21	6.94	10.7
II (21–40 years)	1.19	0.70	13.7
III (41–60 years)	0.92	0.21	23.7
IV (61–80 years)	0.68	0.07	20.2
V (81–100 years)	0.71	0.07	14.7
VI (101–120 years)	0.95	0.10	5.9
VII (over 120 years old)	0.77	0.05	3.0
Other	0.76	0.96	8.0

Heat of combustion and calorific value of forest materials (Szczygieł 1989)

Type of material	Heat of combustion (kJ/kg)	Calorific value (kJ/kg)
		Moisture content of material (%)
		0	10	20	30	40	50
Pine litter	22,069	20,938	18,640	16,387	14,181	12,020	9,902
Pine bark	20,494	19,364	17,224	15,131	13,080	11,074	9119
Pine cones	20,335	19,205	17,078	15,001	12,967	10,978	9,035
Small reed	18,850	17,719	15,742	13,812	11,920	10,086	8,294
Fescue	18,217	17,086	15,173	13,306	11,484	9,709	7,980
Heather	20,733	19,603	17,438	15,319	13,247	11,216	9,236
Blueberry	20,909	19,778	17,597	15,462	13,368	11,325	9,324
Moss	18,799	17,668	15,696	13,770	11,895	10,057	8,261
Average calorific value		18,920	16,824	14,774	12,768	10,808	8,894

The occurrence of forest fires by forest habitat type, expressed by the flammability index and the proportion of the area of forest stands growing in specific habitats

Forest habitat type	Flammability index for		Share of tree stand area growing in this habitat
Forest habitat type	number of fires	burnt surface	Share of tree stand area growing in this habitat
Dry coniferous forest	2.18	3.70	3.7
Upland mixed coniferous forest	1.99	0.48	0.5
Fresh mixed coniferous forest	1.47	1.37	1.4
Fresh coniferous forest	1.47	1.06	1.1
Moist mixed coniferous forest	1.42	2.60	2.6
Mixed upland hardwood forest	1.34	0.69	0.7
Moist coniferous forest	1.07	0.90	0.9
Mixed hardwood forest	0.85	0.84	0.8
Moist mixed hardwood forest	0.85	1.27	1.3
Mixed mountain hardwood forest	0.62	1.14	1.1
Riparian forest	0.61	1.10	1.1
Mixed mountain coniferous forest	0.60	0.74	0.7
Boggy mixed coniferous forest	0.52	1.04	1.0
Fresh hardwood forest	0.40	0.70	0.7
Moist hardwood forest	0.27	0.24	0.2
Upland hardwood forest	0.19	0.18	0.2
Boggy mixed hardwood forest	0.15	0.18	0.2
Alder forest	0.15	0.04	0.0
Ash–alder swamp forest	0.12	0.25	0.3
Mountain hardwood forest	0.07	0.31	0.3

Average volume weights of living components of the soil cover

Type of tree stand	Average volumetric weight 1 m³ (kg)
In dry coniferous forest, moist coniferous forest, moist mixed coniferous forest habitats as well as in other habitats with litter cover	5.03
In fresh coniferous forest, fresh mixed coniferous forest, mixed hardwood forest and riparian forest habitats with moss cover	17.80
Others growing in the habitats fresh coniferous forest, fresh mixed coniferous forest, mixed hardwood forest and riparian forest	9.55

The occurrence of forest fires according to the predominant species expressed by the flammability index and the share of the area covered by these stands (the table contains the species present in the stands, which covered 99_2% of the area of all stands)

Dominant species	Flammability index for		Share of tree stand area with a given species in the dominant age class
Dominant species	number of fires	burnt surface
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)	1.25	1.14	67.4
Birch (Betula spp.)	0.68	0.39	5.1
Oak (Quercus spp.)	0.60	1.11	7.6
Spruce (Picea abies)	0.49	0.81	5.4
Beech (Fagus sylvatica)	0.25	0.72	6.1
Alder (Alnus spp.)	0.17	0.20	4.6
Fir (Abies alba)	0.20	0.05	3.0

Fuel models for forest soil cover plant

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

The p-value of the Kruskal–Wallis test for multiple comparisons of boggy soil according to forest habitat types

Types of fuel models depending on the type of forest habitat and type of soil cover

The occurrence of forest fires according to the age class of the tree stand, expressed by the flammability index and the proportion of the area covered by these stands

Heat of combustion and calorific value of forest materials (Szczygieł 1989)

The occurrence of forest fires by forest habitat type, expressed by the flammability index and the proportion of the area of forest stands growing in specific habitats

Average volume weights of living components of the soil cover

The occurrence of forest fires according to the predominant species expressed by the flammability index and the share of the area covered by these stands (the table contains the species present in the stands, which covered 99_2% of the area of all stands)

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