Figure 1.
Map of location of studied Ligustrum vulgare L. in green areas of Kyiv
Table 1.
Location coordinates and origin of the initial planting material of Ligustrum vulgare L. in the city of Kyiv, Ukraine
| No. | Coordinates | The origin of the original planting material | Code | Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 1 |
| Municipal enterprise for the maintenance of green spaces of the Holosiivskyi district of Kyiv | L.v.1 | Akademika Zabolotnoho Street, Kyiv, Ukraine |
| 2 |
| Municipal enterprise for the maintenance of green spaces of the Holosiivskyi district of Kyiv | L.v.2 | Heavenly Hundred Square, Akademika Zabolotnoho Street, Kyiv, Ukraine |
| 3 |
| Municipal enterprise for the maintenance of green spaces of the Holosiivskyi district of Kyiv | L.v.3 | Akademika Hlushkova Avenue, Kyiv, Ukraine |
| 4 |
| Municipal enterprise for the maintenance of green spaces of the Holosiivskyi district of Kyiv | L.v.4 | Teremkivska Street, Kyiv, Ukraine |
| 5 |
| Municipal enterprise for the maintenance of green spaces of the Holosiivskyi district of Kyiv | L.v.5 | Tadeia Rylskoho Boulevard, Kyiv, Ukraine |
| 6 |
| Nursery Department of Forest Reproduction and Forest Reclamation, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine | L.v.6 | Henerala Rodymtseva Street, Kyiv, Ukraine |
| 7 |
| Municipal enterprise for the maintenance of green spaces of the Holosiivskyi district of Kyiv | L.v.7 | Vasylkivska Street, Kyiv, Ukraine |
| 8 |
| Municipal enterprise for the maintenance of green spaces of the Holosiivskyi district of Kyiv | L.v.8 | Akademika Hlushkova Avenue, Kyiv, Ukraine |
| 9 |
| Municipal enterprise for the maintenance of green spaces of the Holosiivskyi district of Kyiv | L.v.9 | Expo Center of Ukraine, M01, Kyiv, Ukraine |
| 10 |
| Municipal enterprise for the maintenance of green spaces of the Holosiivskyi district of Kyiv | L.v.10 | Holosiivskyi Prospekt, Kyiv, Ukraine |
| 11 |
| Municipal enterprise for the maintenance of green spaces of the Holosiivskyi district of Kyiv | L.v.11 | Expo Center of Ukraine, M01, Kyiv, Ukraine |
| 12 |
| Municipal enterprise for the maintenance of green spaces of the Holosiivskyi district of Kyiv | L.v.12 | Expo Center of Ukraine, M01, Kyiv, Ukraine |
| 13 |
| National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine | L.v.13 | Heroiv Oborony Street, Kyiv, Ukraine |
| 14 |
| Municipal enterprise for the maintenance of green spaces of the Shevchenkivskyi district of Kyiv | L.v.14 | Kyrponosa Street, Kyiv, Ukraine |
Figure 2.
Examples of the use of Ligustrum vulgare L. in the green areas of Kyiv: A – living fence with Ligustrum vulgare L. on the territory of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine; B – Ligustrum vulgare L. free-growing plant, Teremkivska Street, Kyiv, Ukraine; C – composition on Akademika Hlushkova Avenue, Kyiv, Ukraine with a combination of Ligustrum vulgare L. and Forsythia europaea Degen & Bald
Table 2.
Characteristics of growing conditions
| No. | Code | Age of plants, years | Plant condition | Lighting at the place of growth | Distance from highways, m |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | L.v.1 | 3 | untrimmed | full sun | 5–10 |
| 2 | L.v.2 | 8 | trimmed | full sun | 1–2 |
| 3 | L.v.3 | 6 | trimmed | full sun | 5–10 |
| 4 | L.v.4 | 4 | untrimmed | shade | 45 |
| 5 | L.v.5 | 4 | untrimmed | full sun | 2–3 |
| 6 | L.v.6 | 15 | untrimmed | shade | 500 |
| 7 | L.v.7 | 8 | trimmed | full sun | 25 |
| 8 | L.v.8 | 12 | trimmed | full sun | 1–2 |
| 9 | L.v.9 | 8 | trimmed | partial shade | 150 |
| 10 | L.v.10 | 9 | trimmed | partial shade | 1–40 |
| 11 | L.v.11 | 7 | trimmed | partial shade | 450 |
| 12 | L.v.12 | 13 | trimmed | partial shade | 400 |
| 13 | L.v.13 | 5 | trimmed | partial shade | 25–30 |
| 14 | L.v.14 | 7 | trimmed | full sun | 1 |
Figure 3.
Formation of shoots of Ligustrum vulgare L. in normal condition (A) and after cutting (B). Note: The arrow indicates the cut stem; scale bar – 30 mm
Figure 4.
Dependencies of the length of internodes on the order of their location on a single growth cycle of the shoots under different growing conditions of Ligustrum vulgare L.
Figure 5.
Autofluorescence of tissues of stems of Ligustrum vulgare L., which were not exposed (A–J) and were subjected to shearing (K–S): A–C – 9 internodes, D–F – 5 internodes; K–M – 5 internodes, N–P – 2 internodes; G–J and Q–S – 5 internodes after treating tissues with a NP reagent; ruler – 50 µm
Figure 6.
Chromatogram of bark and periderm extracts of annual shoots of Ligustrum vulgare L.: 1 – Akademika Zabolotnoho Street; 2 – Heavenly Hundred Square, Akademika Zabolotnoho Street; 3 – Akademika Hlushkova Avenue; 4 – Teremkivska Street; 5 – Tadeia Rylskoho Boulevard; 6 – Henerala Rodymtseva Street; 7 – Vasylkivska Street; 8 – Akademika Hlushkova Avenue; 9 – Expo Center of Ukraine, M01; 10 – Holosiivskyi Prospekt; 11 – Expo Center of Ukraine, M01; 12 – Expo Center of Ukraine, M01; 13 – Heroiv Oborony Street; 14 – Kyrponosa Street; 15 – Expo Center of Ukraine, M01; 16 – Expo Center of Ukraine, M01; 17 – Expo Center of Ukraine, M01; 18 – Expo Center of Ukraine, M01; St – rutin (Rf ~ 0.48), chlorogenic acid (Rf ~ 0.62)
Figure 7.
Cluster (A) and PCA (B) analysis taking into account urban conditions, the morphometry of shoots, and the qualitative composition of phenolic compounds in the tissues of shoots of Ligustrum vulgare L. Note: L1...14 – distribution of experimental plants by place of growth in the city of Kyiv, where: 1 – Akademika Zabolotnoho Street; 2 – Heavenly Hundred Square, Akademika Zabolotnoho Street; 3 – Akademika Hlushkova Avenue; 4 – Teremkivska Street; 5 – Tadeia Rylskoho Boulevard; 6 – Henerala Rodymtseva Street; 7 – Vasylkivska Street; 8 – Akademika Hlushkova Avenue; 9 – Expo Center of Ukraine, M01; 10 – Holosiivskyi Prospekt; 11 – Expo Center of Ukraine, M01; 12 – Expo Center of Ukraine, M01; 13 – Heroiv Oborony Street; 14 – Kyrponosa Street; 15 – Expo Center of Ukraine, M01; 16 – Expo Center of Ukraine, M01; 17 – Expo Center of Ukraine, M01; 18 – Expo Center of Ukraine, M01. Age – the age of the plant at the time of the study; Plant condition are clipped and unclipped plants; GMC – Gauss model coefficient; CLE is the coefficient of the linear equation (the ratio of the length to the thickness of the internodes).
Figure 8.
Curve dependence in the Gaussian model on the values of the coefficients x0 and b
| Coefficient | Standards Error | t | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Akademika Zabolotnoho Street, Kyiv, Ukraine | ||||
| a | 35.351 | 1.1930 | 29.6317 | <0.0001 |
| b | 2.9083 | 0.1364 | 21.3233 | <0.0001 |
| x0 | 5.1541 | 0.1152 | 44.7230 | <0.0001 |
| Heavenly Hundred Square. Akademika Zabolotnoho Street. Kyiv. Ukraine | ||||
| a | 34.6465 | 1.5078 | 22.9778 | <0.0001 |
| b | 2.4045 | 0.1365 | 17.6144 | <0.0001 |
| x0 | 5.2986 | 0.1215 | 43.6186 | <0.0001 |
| Akademika Hlushkova Avenue. Kyiv. Ukraine | ||||
| a | 37.2528 | 0.9459 | 39.3817 | <0.0001 |
| b | 1.7260 | 0.0545 | 31.6535 | <0.0001 |
| x0 | 3.7563 | 0.0506 | 74.2725 | <0.0001 |
| Teremkivska Street. Kyiv. Ukraine | ||||
| a | 30.7231 | 2.1592 | 14.2289 | 0.0001 |
| b | 2.1289 | 0.2146 | 9.9227 | 0.0006 |
| x0 | 4.0875 | 0.1754 | 23.3006 | <0.0001 |
| Tadeia Rylskoho Boulevard. Kyiv. Ukraine | ||||
| a | 40.6227 | 1.9715 | 20.6055 | <0.0001 |
| b | 3.0506 | 0.1833 | 16.6463 | <0.0001 |
| x0 | 6.1805 | 0.1715 | 36.033 | <0.0001 |
| Henerala Rodymtseva Street. Kyiv. Ukraine | ||||
| a | 38.7128 | 1.4312 | 27.0493 | <0.0001 |
| b | 4.1766 | 0.1984 | 21.0506 | <0.0001 |
| x0 | 8.8261 | 0.1788 | 49.3689 | <0.0001 |
| Vasylkivska Street. Kyiv. Ukraine | ||||
| a | 43.7234 | 1.9391 | 22.5478 | <0.0001 |
| b | 1.9210 | 0.1052 | 18.267 | <0.0001 |
| x0 | 4.1619 | 0.0984 | 42.3137 | <0.0001 |
| Akademika Hlushkova Avenue. Kyiv. Ukraine | ||||
| a | 40.2798 | 0.9382 | 42.9345 | <0.0001 |
| b | 1.9957 | 0.0579 | 34.4500 | <0.0001 |
| x0 | 4.5229 | 0.0536 | 84.4422 | <0.0001 |
| Expo Center of Ukraine. M01. Kyiv. Ukraine | ||||
| a | 39.9353 | 1.7313 | 23.0661 | <0.0001 |
| b | 2.1887 | 0.1265 | 17.3060 | <0.0001 |
| x0 | 4.8919 | 0.1109 | 44.1112 | <0.0001 |
| Holosiivskyi Prospekt. Kyiv. Ukraine | ||||
| a | 28.7947 | 1.4152 | 20.3467 | <0.0001 |
| b | 2.0946 | 0.1332 | 15.7255 | <0.0001 |
| x0 | 4.8765 | 0.1196 | 40.7621 | <0.0001 |
| Expo Center of Ukraine. M01. Kyiv. Ukraine | ||||
| a | 29.302 | 2.7286 | 10.7388 | 0.0001 |
| b | 2.5388 | 0.3559 | 7.1337 | 0.0008 |
| x0 | 4.1886 | 0.2826 | 14.8195 | <0.0001 |
| Expo Center of Ukraine. M01. Kyiv. Ukraine | ||||
| a | 47.1108 | 1.6717 | 28.1816 | <0.0001 |
| b | 1.8116 | 0.0774 | 23.4082 | <0.0001 |
| x0 | 4.7655 | 0.0741 | 64.3411 | <0.0001 |
| Heroiv Oborony Street. Kyiv. Ukraine | ||||
| a | 29.8237 | 0.7349 | 40.5808 | <0.0001 |
| b | 2.2400 | 0.0913 | 24.5212 | <0.0001 |
| x0 | 4.9506 | 0.0758 | 65.3288 | <0.0001 |
| Kyrponosa Street. Kyiv. Ukraine | ||||
| a | 52.3945 | 1.8764 | 27.9227 | <0.0001 |
| b | 2.9757 | 0.1550 | 19.1982 | <0.0001 |
| x0 | 6.3023 | 0.1297 | 48.6104 | <0.0001 |