References
- Albrich, K., Rammer, W., Seidl, R. 2020. Climate change causes critical transitions and irreversible alterations of mountain forests. Global Change Biology, 26, 4013–4027. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15118
- Beniston, M. 2003 Climatic change in mountain regions: a review of possible impacts. In: Climate variability and change in high elevation regions: past, present and future. Advances in global change research (ed. H.F. Diaz). Springer, Netherlands, 5–31. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-1252-7_2
- Boeck, H.J. De et al. 2018. Patterns and drivers of biodiversity-stability relationships under climate extremes. Journal of Ecology, 106 (3), 890–902.
- Bolte, A., Hilbrig, L., Grundmann, B., Kampf, F., Brunet, J., Rolof, A. 2010. Climate change impacts on stand structure and competitive interactions in a southern Swedish spruce–beech forest. European Journal of Forest Research, 129 (3), 261–276. DOI: 10.1007/s10342-009-0323-1
- Bosela, M., Štefančík, I., Petráš, R., Vacek, S. 2016. The effects of climate warming on the growth of European beech forests depend critically on thinning strategy and site productivity. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 222, 21–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.03.005
- Dale, V.H. et al. 2001. Climate change and forest disturbances. Bioscience, 51, 723–734.
- Debryniuk, Iu.M. 2010. Drying out of spruce forests as a result of climate change (in Ukrainian). Proceedings of the Taras Shevchenko Scientific Society: materials of the Kosiv branch of the National Academy of Sciences, 3, 163–171.
- Dobbertin, M., DeVries, W. 2008. Interactions between climate change and forest ecosystems. In: Forest ecosystems in a changing environment: identifying future monitoring and research needs (ed. R. Fischer). Report and Recommendations COST Strategic Workshop 11–13 March 2008 Istanbul, Turkey. Available at
http://www.costforest2008.org/docs/COST-Brochure.pdf (access on 1 March 2023). - Dulamsuren, C., Hauck, M., Kopp, G., Ruf, M., Leuschner, C. 2017. European beech responds to climate change with growth decline at lower, and growth increase at higher elevations in the center of its distribution range (SW Germany). Trees, 31 (2), 673–686.
- Explanatory note to Project of the organization and development of forestry of the state enterprise ‘Rakhiv Experimental Forestry’ of the Transcarpathian Department of Forestry and Hunting. 2021. Irpin.
- Gerushinsky, Z.Y. 1996. Typology of the forests of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Educational manual. Pyramid, Lviv.
- Golubets, M.A. 1978. Fir stands of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Naukova Dumka, Kyiv.
- Hartl-Meier, C., Dittmar, C., Zang, C., Rothe, A. 2014. Mountain forest growth response to climate change in the Northern Limestone Alps. Trees, 28, 819–829. DOI: 10.1007/s00468-014-0994-1
- Hilmers T. et al. 2019. The productivity of mixed mountain forests comprised of Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, and Abies alba across Europe. Forestry, 92 (5), 512–522, DOI: 10.1093/forestry/cpz035
- Hrynyk, H.G., Hrynyk, O.M. 2022. Growth and productivity of European spruce stands in the Ukrainian Carpathians depending on the topography. SPOLOM, Lviv.
- Khodot, G.A. 1959. The course of growth of closed Carpathian spruce forests. Scientific Works of the Lviv LTI: Collection, 1, 201–204.
- Mina, M., Río, M., Huber, M.O., Thürig, E., Rohner, B. 2018. The symmetry of competitive interactions in mixed Norway spruce, silver fir and European beech forests. Journal of Vegetation Science, 29, 775–787. DOI: 10.1111/jvs.12664
- Molotkov, P.I. 1972. Beech forests of Ukrainian Carpathians. Beech forests of the USSR and management households in them. Forest industry, Moscow, 78–109.
- Myklush, S.I. 2011. Lowland beech forests of Ukraine: productivity and organization of sustainable management. ZUKTS, Lviv.
- Myklush, Y., Myklush, S., Debryniuk, Iu., Hayda Y. 2022. Formation of European beech stands (Fagus sylvatica L.) that involve Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in tree species composition in the Ukrainian Roztochie. Folia Forestalia Polonica, Ser. A – Forestry, 64 (2), 83–89. DOI: 10.2478/ffp-2022-0008
- Neuner, S. et al. 2015. Survival of Norway spruce remains higher in mixed stands under a dryer and warmer climate. Global Change Biology, 21, 935–946.
- Pogrebnyak, P.S. 1968. General forestry. Kolos, Moscow.
- Porta, N.L., Capretti, P., Thomsen, I.M., Kasanen, R., Hietala, A.M., Weissenberg K.V. 2008 Forest pathogens with higher damage potential due to climate change in Europe. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 30, 177–195. DOI: 10.1080/07060661.2008.10540534
- Pretzsch, H., Forrester, D.I. 2017. Stand dynamics of mixed-species stands compared with monocultures. In: Mixed-species forests (eds. H. Pretzsch, D.I. Forrester, J. Bauhus). Springer, 117–209. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-54553-9_4
- Pretzsch, H., Biber, P., Schütze, G., Uhl, E., Rötzer T. 2014 Forest stand growth dynamics in Central Europe have accelerated since 1870. Nature Communications, 5, 4967. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5967
- Pretzsch, H., Biber, P., Uhl, E., Dauber E. 2015 Long-term stand dynamics of managed spruce-fir-beech mountain forests in Central Europe: structure, productivity and regeneration success. Forestry, 88, 407–428. DOI: 10.1093/forestry/cpv013
- Pretzsch H. et al. 2010. Comparison between the productivity of pure and mixed stands of Norway spruce and European beech along an ecological gradient. Annals of Forest Science, 67, 712. DOI: 10.1051/forest/2010037
- Scherler, M., Remund, J., Walther, L. 2016. Wasserhaushalt von Wäldern bei zunehmender trockenheit. In: Wald Im Klimawandel. Grundlagen Für Adaptationsstrategien (eds. A.R. Pluess, S. Augustin, P. Brang). Haupt, 39–59.
- Seidl, R., Schelhaas, M.-J., Rammer, W., Verkerk, P.J. 2014. Increasing forest disturbances in Europe and their impact on carbon storage. Nature Climate Change, 4, 806–810. DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2318
- Shvidenko, A.I. 1980. Fir forests of Ukraine. Higher School, Lviv.
- Shvidenko, A.Z. et al. 1987. Normative and reference materials for forests measurements of Ukraine and Moldova. Urozhai, Kyiv.
- The project of the perspective plan of the organization of forest management of the Rakhiv forestry for years 1951–1952. 1952. Kyiv.
- Trotsiuk, V. et al. 2014. A mixed severity disturbance regime in the primary Picea abies (L.) Karst. forests of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Forest Ecology and Management, 334, 144–153.
- Tsuryk, E.I. 1981. Fir stands of the Carpathians (Construction and Productivity). Publishing House in Lviv University, Lviv.
- Vitali, V., Büntgen, U., Bauhus, J. 2017. Silver fir and Douglas fir are more tolerant to extreme droughts than Norway spruce in south-western Germany. Global Change Biology, 23, 5108–5119.
- Vorobiov, D.V. 1953. Forest types of European part of the USSR. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev.