Figure 1:
![Difference in glucose metabolism between normal and cancer cells [22].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471cdf2215d2f6c89db169a/j_fco-2023-0041_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251205%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251205T194056Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=101fab386fff73ab7400c03427173471e56d8babb02ac4ef719f042099dc4bd7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2:
Summary of the cytotoxic effects of some antidiabetic drugs_
| Antidiabetics class | Drug name | Tumor types | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Biguanide | Metformin | Breast cancer | [45] |
| Colorectal cancer | [46] | ||
| Endometrial cancer | [47] | ||
| Ovarian cancer | [183] | ||
| Skin cancer | [184,185] | ||
| Thyroid cancer | [186] | ||
| Head and neck cancer | [175] | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | [187] | ||
| Lung cancer | [54] | ||
| Sulfonylurea | Glibenclamide | Gastric cancer | [76] |
| Breast cancer | [69] | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | [70,73] | ||
| Colon cancer | [75] | ||
| Glioblastoma | [72] | ||
| Thiazolidinedione | Rosiglitazone | Neuroblastoma | [83] |
| Gliptins | Vildagliptin and sitagliptin | Colorectal cancer | [96,102] [97] |
| Vildagliptin, sitagliptin, and gemigliptin | Thyroid cancer | [93,104,105] | |
| Vildagliptin, sitagliptin, and sitagliptin | Chronic myeloid leukemia | [106,107] | |
| Vildagliptin | Lung cancer | [103] | |
| Sitagliptin | Gastric cancer | [94] | |
| Breast cancer | [98] | ||
| Endometrial cancer | [95] | ||
| Cervical carcinoma | [99] | ||
| Glioblastoma cancer in the brain | [100,101] | ||
| GLP-1 agonists | Exenatide-4 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | [112,113] |
| Breast cancer | [114] | ||
| Prostate cancer | [115] | ||
| Endometrial cancer | [116] | ||
| Liraglutide | Endometrial cancer | [116] | |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | Dapagliflozin | Pancreatic carcinoma | [38,123] |
| Renal carcinoma (in humans) | [129] | ||
| Human colon carcinoma | [188] | ||
| Canagliflozin | Pancreatic cancer and early-stage lung cancer | [38,125,189] [130] | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma (in humans) | [190] | ||
| Lung cancer | [191] | ||
| Breast cancer | [191,192] | ||
| Prostate cancer | [192] | ||
| Thyroid cancer | [131] | ||
| Ipragliflozin | Breast carcinoma | [128] | |