| De Bacco et al.12 | 2020 | p = 0.002 | PD-L1, p16 | There was statistical correlation between PD-L1 and p16 expression (p = 0.002). There was a two-fold relationship in LN involvement of patients who expressed PD-L1 (69.2% of patients with LN involvement had PD-L1 expression and only 30.8% had LN involvement with PD-L1-). p16 was expressed in 38.5% of patients with LN involvement without significant difference |
| Udager et al.13 | 2016 | p = 0.024 | PD-L1 | Twenty-three (62.2%) of 37 primary tumors were positive for PD-L1 expression, and there was strong positive correlation of PD-L1 expression in primary and metastatic samples (p = 0.72; 0.032 < p < 0.036). Primary tumor PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with regional LNM (p = 0.024) |
| Ottenhof et al.14 | 2018 |
| Nonclassical HLA class I PD-L1 | Tumor PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with LNM; diffusely PD-L1–positive tumors had higher odds of LNM in comparison to tumors to marginal PD-L1 expression only (OR 4.16, p < 0.01) and tumors with combined negative/margin PD-L1 expression (OR 3.28, p < 0.01). Upregulation of nonclassical HLA class I molecules (combined score of HLA-E and HLA-G) was associated with a higher odds of LNM compared to normal expression (OR 2.28, p = 0.02). In the multivariable analysis, diffuse PD-L1 expression was the only immunological factor that remained significantly associated with LNM, although the lower limit of the confidence interval was just above 1 (OR 2.81, 95% CI [1.01–7.81], p < 0.05) |
| Hu et al.15 | 2020 |
|
| PD-L1 and NLR increased the predictive accuracy of the clinical model. PD-1 and NLR were considered independent predictors of LNM; NLR model risk analysis: OR = 10.93 (2.81–42.53, p-value <0.01); PD-L1 model risk analysis: OR = 5.16 (1.29–20.58, p-value 0.02) |
| Steffens et al.16 | 2013 | p = 0.007 | CRP | A significantly elevated CRP level (>15 vs. ≤15 mg/l) was found more often in patients with nodal disease at diagnosis (50.0 vs. 14.6%, p = 0.007) |
| Al Ghazal et al.17 | 2013 | p = 0.04 | CRP | The mean CRP value was significantly higher in patients with nodal disease than in those without it: 24.7 versus 12.4 mg/dl (p = 0.04) |
| Jindal et al.18 | 2021 | p = 0.001 | NLR, LMR | NLR >3 and LMR ≤3 were significantly associated with the presence of inguinal LN involvement (p = 0.001 and 0.026, respectively) |
| Protzel et al.19 | 2007 | p = 0.005 | Ki-67 | None of the patients with weak Ki-67 expression had LNM, whereas eight patients with moderate Ki-67 staining (47%) and all seven patients with a strong Ki-67 expression displayed LNMs (p = 0.005). The statistical analyses revealed that Ki-67 labeling index is related to distant metastasis (p = 0.026) |
| Cocks et al.20 | 2017 | p = 0.0057 | CD8, Ki-67 | CD8 and Ki-67 expression in stromal immune cells correlated with distant metastasis (p = 0.0057). Tumors with higher CD8 and Ki-67 expression in the stromal immune cells were more likely to metastasize |
| Mo et al.21 | 2021 | p = 0.018 | CXCL5 | Preoperative serum CXCL5 levels were significantly associated with pelvic LNM (p = 0.018). |
| Mo et al.22 | 2020 | p < 0.001 | CXCL13 | Higher preoperative serum CXCL13 level was detected in PC cohorts than in healthy male controls (p < 0.001) |
| Mo et al.23 | 2020 | p = 0.007 | CCL20 | Preoperative serum CCL20 level was significantly associated with pelvic LNM (p = 0.007) |
| Murta et al.24 | 2022 | n/a | DEmiRs and DEGs | Upregulation of miR-421 and miR-744-5p is associated with metastasis of LN in penile cancer patients (based on total cohort) |
| Ayoubian et al.25 | 2021 |
| miR-137 miR-328-3p | Lower fold value in miR-137 (−3.7 [p = 0.004] and −8.54 [p = 0.004]) and miR-328-3p (−2.7 [p = 0.007] and −1.98 [p = 0.032]) in metastatic cells with negative HPV, implying lower expression |
| Mohr et al.26 | 2022 | n/a | S100A8 and S100A9; CD147 | All metastasis cell lines were stained positive for S100A8 and S100A9 (100%). All HPV+ metastasis cell lines (LM) were also positive for CD147 marker |
| van der Fels et al.27 | 2020 | n/a | The monoclonal antibodies PSMA, VEGF, EGFR, and EpCAM expression | High immunoreactivity score of VEGF and EGFR expression in metastatic LN involvement and primary tumor; however, EGFR is not expressed in tumor without metastasis. PSMA and EpCAM ae not expressed in the tumor cell at all |
| Zhou et al.28 | 2018 | n/a | sLAMC2 | LAMC2 was overexpressed in PSCC tissues, and the LAMC2 expression level was higher in metastatic LN tissues than in primary cancer tissues |
| Fenner et al.29 | 2018 | p < 0.001 | EF21 |
E2F1 is critical in promoting PC invasiveness, with significant cell migratory and invasive capacity. E2F1 expression was significantly higher in metastatic PC primary tumor and LN metastases than in nonmetastatic tumors |
| Zhu et al.30 | 2013 | p = 0.85 | CA IX | The probability of LNM was 38.1% and 45.2% in CA IX low- and high-expression categories, respectively. CA IX was associated with LNM with OR 1.149 (p = 0.85) despite not being significant |
| Minardi et al.31 | 2011 | p = 0.326 | D2-40 | All patients whose intratumoral cells were D2-40 negative were N0, whereas all N+ patients were positive, with 66.7% strongly so. All deceased patients had high-level cell D2-40 expression. N+ patients accounted for 16.7% and 35.7% of samples with moderate and strong D2-40 reactivity, respectively (p = 0.326, χ2 test) |
| Protzel et al.32 | 2011 |
|
Annexins I Annexins II Annexins IV | There was a significant correlation between strong ANX AI expression at the invasion front and the occurrence of LNM (p = 0.001). Analysis of ANX AII expression showed no significant correlation with clinical data. Strong expression of ANX AIV at the invasion front was significantly associated with LNM (p = 0.019) |
