References
- Abdelkawy, N. A. (2024). Diversification and the Resource Curse: An Econometric Analysis of GCC Countries. Economies, 12(11), 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies12110287
- Abdel-Rahman, I. H., & Ali, M. S. A. (1989). Role of the Public and Private Sectors with Special Reference to Privatization: The Case of Egypt. In M.S. El-Naggar (Ed.), Privatization and Structural Adjustment in the Arab Countries, 141-81. International Monetary Fund. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781557750426.071
- Ademi, L., Ramadani, V., Ibraimi, S., & Idrizi, S. (2025). Factors affecting young people’s intentions to engage in digital entrepreneurship: an analysis employing the theory of planned behaviour. International Journal of Complexity in Leadership and Management, 4(1), 83-105. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCLM.2025.144700
- Akhter, A., Islam, K. A., Karim, M. M., & Latif, W. B. (2022). Examining determinants of digital entrepreneurial intention: A case of graduate students. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 20(3), 153. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(3).2022.13
- Alanzi, S., & Ratten, V. (2023). The use of technology in facing the COVID-19 negative consequences and the associated opportunity for digital entrepreneurship in KSA. Journal of Trade Science, 11(2/3), 31-44. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTS-06-2023-0002
- Al-Hajri, A., Abdella, G. M., Al-Yafei, H., Aseel, S., & Hamouda, A. M. (2024). A systematic literature review of the digital transformation in the Arabian gulf’s oil and gas sector. Sustainability, 16(15), 6601. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156601
- Asmyatullin, R. R., & Glavina, S. G. (2025). Digitalization as a Driver for Sustainable Development in the GCC Economies. Unconventional Resources, 100231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100231
- Bae, T. J., Qian, S., Miao, C., & Fiet, J. O. (2014). The relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions: A meta–analytic review. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(2), 217-254. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12095
- Baskaran, S., Mahadi, N., Indiran, L., Yaacob, T. Z., & Subramaniam, Y. (2023). An Investigation of Digital Entrepreneurship Intention Activation among University Undergraduates. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i6/17149
- Berman, T., Stuckler, D., Schallmo, D., & Kraus, S. (2024). Drivers and success factors of digital entrepreneurship: A systematic literature review and future research agenda. Journal of Small Business Management, 62(5), 2453-2481. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2023.2238791
- Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203807644
- Callen, M. T., Cherif, R., Hasanov, F., Hegazy, M. A., & Khandelwal, P. (2014). Economic diversification in the GCC: Past, present, and future. IMF Staff Discussion Note SDN/14/12, International Monetary Fund, Washington D.C. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781498303231.006
- Cheng, Q., Peng, C., Wan, H., Dai, Y., & Zhang, S. (2025). How to realize digital knowledge innovation through digital technology? A perspective based on knowledge digitization and inter-organizational knowledge sharing. Technology in Society, 82, 102905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2025.102905
- Cigu, E. (2025). The Digital Economy’s Contribution to Advancing Sustainable Economic Development. Administrative Sciences, 15(4), 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15040146
- Cordova, W. N., Lim, C. T., Ong, H. T., Caraan, H. S., Dela Cruz, G. A. R., & Jimenez, E. C. F. (2025). Digital Innovation and Entrepreneurial Success in the Philippine MSME Sector: Challenges and Opportunities. ECONOMICS - Innovative and Economics Research Journal, 13(3), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2025-0056
- Darmanto, S., Ekopriyono, A., Hikmah, & Tri Ratnawati, A. (2023). Investigating the development of entrepreneurial behavior among nascent digital entrepreneurs. Cogent Business & Management, 10(2), 2247875. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2247875
- Das, A., & Das, S. S. (2022). E-government and entrepreneurship: online government services and the ease of starting business. Information Systems Frontiers, 24(3), 1027-1039. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-021-10121-z
- Davidson, E., & Vaast, E. (2010). Digital entrepreneurship and its sociomaterial enactment. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Honolulu. IEEE Xplore, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2010.150
- Duong, C. D., Le, T. T., Dang, N. S., Do, N. D., & Vu, A. T. (2024). Unraveling the determinants of digital entrepreneurial intentions: do performance expectancy of artificial intelligence solutions matter? Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 31(7), 1327-1356. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-02-2024-0065
- El-Sisi, S. A. W. M. (2022). The Intention of Applying Digital Entrepreneurship (DE) Among Undergraduate Tourism Students in Egypt. International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 5(2), 95-119. https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ijthm.2022.270132
- European Commission (2015). Digital transformation of European industry and enterprises: a report of the Strategic Policy Forum on Digital Entrepreneurship. Brussels: European Commission. https://www.digitaleurope.org/resources/digital-transformation-of-european-industry-and-enterprises-a-report-of-the-strategic-policy-forum-on-digital-entrepreneurship/
- Forstenlechner, I., & Rutledge, E. J. (2011). The GCC’s ‘demographic imbalance’: perceptions, realities and policy options. Middle East Policy, 18(4), 25-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4967.2011.00508.x
- Gallego Cossio, L. C., Hernández Aros, L., Rodríguez Perdomo, D., & Rodríguez Barrero, M. S. (2025). Financial and Administrative Management Models for Digital Ventures: A Literature Review. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 18(4), 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18040214
- Gan, T., Zhang, M., & Zhang, Z. (2023). The impact of digital government policy on entrepreneurial activity in China. Economic Analysis and Policy, 79, 479-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2023.06.029
- Giest, S. (2025). The intersection of digital and social infrastructures in (a) spatial policymaking. Policy Sciences, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-025-09569-6
- Gomes, S., Lopes, J. M., & Ferreira, L. (2022). The impact of the digital economy on economic growth: The case of OECD countries. RAM Revista de Administração Mackenzie, 23, eRAMD220029. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-6971/eRAMD220029.en
- Ha, L. T. (2024). Is e-government a driver to enhance entrepreneurship? An empirical investigation of European countries. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 14(3), 1311-1340. https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2021-0487
- Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106-121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
- Hancock, G. R., Stapleton, L. M., & Mueller, R. O. (2019). The reviewer’s guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences, Second Edition. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/The-Reviewers-Guide-to-Quantitative-Methods-in-the-Social-Sciences/Hancock-Stapleton-Mueller/p/book/9781138800137?srsltid=AfmBOooyO-Ji_QXkUNNC7LUJDZg19HbrFfbI-5rexh-ZN0wVCWIXCDTfm
- Holl, A., Rama, R., & Hammond, H. (2024). COVID-19 and Business Digitalization: Unveiling the Effects of Concurrent Strategies. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-02374-1
- Hull, C. E. K., Hung, Y. T. C., Hair, N., Perotti, V., & DeMartino, R. (2007). Taking advantage of digital opportunities: A typology of digital entrepreneurship. International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organisations, 4(3), 290-303. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJNVO.2007.015166
- Hunady, J., Demeova, E., Chylakova, V. (2025). The Role of Digital Skills and Digitalization in Enhancing Labour Productivity In The EU. Collection of papers new economy, 3, 33-45. https://doi.org/10.61432/CPNE0301033h
- Ip, C. Y. (2024). Effect of digital literacy on social entrepreneurial intentions and nascent behaviours among students and practitioners in mass communication. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02587-w
- Islami, N. (2019). The Effect of Digital Literacy Toward Entrepreneur Behaviors Through Students‟ Intention Entrepreneurship on Economics Education Study Program at Jember. IOP Conference Series on Earth and Environmental Science, 243, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/243/1/012084
- Karyaningsih, R. P. D., Wibowo, A., Saptono, A., & Narmaditya, B. S. (2020). Does entrepreneurial knowledge influence vocational students’ intention? Lessons from Indonesia. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 8(4), 138–155. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2020.080408
- Khan, A., Khan, N., & Shafiq, M. (2021). The economic impact of COVID-19 from a global perspective. Contemporary Economics, 64-75. https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.436
- Klein, A. Z., & Braido, G. M. (2024). Institutional factors related to digital entrepreneurship by startups and SMEs in the Latin American context: Two cases in Brazil. Information Systems Journal, 34(4), 970-1003. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12466
- Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications. https://www.guilford.com/books/Principles-and-Practice-of-Structural-Equation-Modeling/Rex-Kline/9781462551910?srsltid=AfmBOoreyv1r8nTh0wPtClTkcnafopOgTBlA2qoj_J2Jx-Lusd69mLlcI
- Kollmann, T. (2006). What is e-entrepreneurship? Fundamentals of company founding in the net economy. International Journal of Technology Management, 33(4), 322-340. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTM.2006.009247
- Kozanoglu, D. C., & Abedin, B. (2021). Understanding the Role of Employees in Digital Transformation: Conceptualization of Digital Literacy of Employees ss A Multi-Dimensional Organizational Affordance. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 34(6), 1649-1672. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-01-2020-0010
- Ladeira, M. J., Ferreira, F. A., Ferreira, J. J., Fang, W., Falcão, P. F., & Rosa, Á. A. (2019). Exploring the determinants of digital entrepreneurship using fuzzy cognitive maps. International Entrepreneur-ship and Management Journal, 15(4), 1077-1101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-019-00574-9
- Lambekova, A., Shuren, T., Imanbayev, A., Bekish, U., & Zhadigerova, G. (2025). Diversification of business through digital technologies: Case study of Kazakhstan industrial companies. ECONOMICS - Innovative and Economics Research Journal, 13(3), 429–448. https://doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2025-0073
- Li, X., Yang, G., Shao, T., Yang, D., & Liu, Z. (2024). Does digital infrastructure promote individual entrepreneurship? Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment on the “Broadband China” strategy. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 206, 123555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123555
- Liñán, F., & Jaén, I. (2022). The Covid-19 pandemic and entrepreneurship: some reflections. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 17(5), 1165-1174. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-05-2020-0491
- Listyaningsih, E., Mufahamah, E., Mukminin, A., Ibarra, F. P., Santos, M. R. H. M. D., & Quicho, R. F. (2024). Entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurship intentions, and entrepreneurship motivation on students’ entrepreneurship interest in entrepreneurship among higher education students. Power and Education, 16(3), 297-313. https://doi.org/10.1177/17577438231217035
- Liu, H., Yu, J., Wu, B., Ren, Y., & Liu, Q. (2025). Bibliometric analysis and content analysis of digital entrepreneurship: utilizing the WoS and Scopus databases. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04440-8
- Lüthje, C., & Franke, N. (2002). Fostering entrepreneurship through university education and training: Lessons from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In: European Academy of Management 2nd Annual Conference on Innovative Research in Management, Stockholm, 9-11. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nikolaus-Franke/publication/228538215_Fostering_entrepreneurship_through_university_education_and_training_Lessons_from_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology/links/0deec52fca48a1566c000000/Fostering-entrepreneurship-through-university-education-and-training-Lessons-from-Massachusetts-Institute-of-Technology.pdf
- Miah, M. T., Aiupova, N., Erdei-Gally, S., & Fekete-Farkas, M. (2025). Digital entrepreneurship ecosystems: Then vs. now-a future perspectives. Digital Business, 5(1), 100110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2025.100110
- Miniesy, R., Shahin, M., & Fakhreldin, H. (2022). The determinants of digital entrepreneurship by informal micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in Egypt. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 18(4), 425-445. https://doi.org/10.47556/J.WJEMSD.18.4.2022.1
- Modgil, S., Dwivedi, Y. K., Rana, N. P., Gupta, S., & Kamble, S. (2022). Has Covid-19 accelerated opportunities for digital entrepreneurship? An Indian perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 175, 121415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121415
- Neffati, M., & Khemiri, I. (2025). The Impact of Digital Economy on Green Growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. ECONOMICS - Innovative and Economics Research Journal, 13(3), 261–282. https://doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2025-0065
- Neffati, M., & Jbir, R. (2024). The impact of digitalization and economic diversification on economic growth: evidence from Saudi Arabia. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 30(5), 1510-1532. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2024.22105
- OECD (2019). The Missing Entrepreneurs 2019. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/2019/12/the-missing-entrepreneurs-2019_668840b2.html
- OECD (2020). A Roadmap toward a Common Framework for Measuring the Digital Economy. Report for the G20 Digital Economy Task Force, Saudi Arabia. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/publications/OECDRoadmapDigitalEconomy2020.pdf
- Ojeleye, Y.C. & Ojeleye, C.I. (2024). Toxic supervision, dehumanisation and SMEs performance in Nigeria: Moderating role of resilience. Oeconomica Jadertina, 14(1), 41-61. https://doi.org/10.15291/oec.4421
- Pangrazio, L., Godhe, A. L., & Ledesma, A. G. L. (2020). What is digital literacy? A comparative review of publications across three language contexts. E-learning and Digital Media, 17(6), 442-459. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042753020946291
- Paul, J., Alhassan, I., Binsaif, N., & Singh, P. (2023). Digital entrepreneurship research: A systematic review. Journal of Business Research, 156, 113507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113507
- Pham, M., Nguyen, A. T. T., Tran, D. T., Mai, T. T., & Nguyen, V. T. (2023). The impact of entrepreneurship knowledge on students’e-entrepreneurial intention formation and the moderating role of technological innovativeness. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-023-00351-7
- Piperopoulos, P., & Dimov, D. (2015). Burst bubbles or build steam? Entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(4), 970-985. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12116
- Raharjanti, N. W., Wiguna, T., Purwadianto, A., Soemantri, D., Indriatmi, W., Poerwandari, E. K., . & Levania, M. K. (2022). Translation, validity and reliability of decision style scale in forensic psychiatric setting in Indonesia. Heliyon, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09810
- Raji, M. A., Olodo, H. B., Oke, T. T., Addy, W. A., Ofodile, O. C., & Oyewole, A. T. (2024). The digital transformation of SMES: a comparative review between the USA and Africa. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, 6(3), 737-751. https://doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v6i3.884
- Ratten, V. (2023). Digital social entrepreneurship at events during the COVID-19 crisis. Event Management, 27(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599522X16419948694883
- Reyna, J., Hanham, J., & Meier, P. (2018). The Internet explosion, digital media principles and implications to communicate effectively in the digital space. E-learning and Digital Media, 15(1), 36-52. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042753018754361
- Richter, C., Kraus, S., Brem, A., Durst, S., & Giselbrecht, C. (2017). Digital entrepreneurship: Innovative business models for the sharing economy. Creativity and Innovation Management, 26(3), 300–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12227
- Ridwan, M., Fiodian, V. Y., Religia, Y., & Hardiana, S. R. (2025). Investigating the effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in shaping digital entrepreneurial intention: the mediating role of self-efficacy. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 19(3), 190-207. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-02-2024-0036
- Sahut, J. M., Iandoli, L., & Teulon, F. (2021). The age of digital entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 56(3), 1159-1169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00260-8
- Shane, S., & Nicolaou, N. (2013). The genetics of entrepreneurial performance. International Small Business Journal, 31(5), 473–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242613485767
- Shao, B., & Wang, H. (2025). Digital Economy, Industrial Structure Advancement and Human Capital Accumulation. Finance Research Letters, 107727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2025.107727
- Simpson, M., Tuck, N., & Bellamy, S. (2004). Small business success factors: the role of education and training. Education+ Training, 46(8/9), 481-491. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910410569605
- Singh, R., Kumar, V., Singh, S., Dwivedi, A., & Kumar, S. (2024). Measuring the impact of digital entrepreneurship training on entrepreneurial intention: the mediating role of entrepreneurial competencies. Journal of Work-Applied Management, 16(1), 142-163. https://www.emerald.com/jwam/article/16/1/142/1215235/Measuring-the-impact-of-digital-entrepreneurship
- Soltanifar, M., Hughes, M. and Göcke, L. (2021): Digital Entrepreneurship: Impact on Business and Society. Switzerland:Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53914-6
- Steininger, D. M. (2019). Linking information systems and entrepreneurship: A review and agenda for IT associated and digital entrepreneurship research. Information Systems Journal, 29 (1), 363-407. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12206
- Stoffels, M., Torre, D. M., Sturgis, P., Koster, A. S., Westein, M. P., & Kusurkar, R. A. (2023). Steps and decisions involved when conducting structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. Medical Teacher, 45(12), 1343-1345. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2023.2263233
- Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48, 1273-1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
- Udekwe, E., & Iwu, C. G. (2024). The Nexus Between Digital Technology, Innovation, Entrepreneur-ship Education, and Entrepreneurial Intention and Entrepreneurial Motivation: A Systematic Literature Review. Education Sciences, 14(11), 1211. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14111211
- Vodă, A. I., & Florea, N. (2019). Impact of personality traits and entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions of business and engineering students. Sustainability, 11(4), 1192. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041192
- Von Briel, F., Davidsson, P., & Recker, J. (2018). Digital technologies as external enablers of new venture creation in the IT hardware sector. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(1), 47-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258717732779
- Walton, G. (2016). “Digital literacy” (DL): establishing the boundaries and identifying the partners. New Review of Academic Librarianship, 22(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1080/13614533.2015.1137466
- Wang, M., Li, Y., & Guo, X. (2020). The impact of digital entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention: Evidence from university students in China. Sustainability, 12(13), 5191. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000810917843
- Wibowo, A., Narmaditya, B. S., Saptono, A., Effendi, M. S., Mukhtar, S., & Mohd Shafiai, M. H. (2023). Does digital entrepreneurship education matter for students’ digital entrepreneurial intentions? The mediating role of entrepreneurial alertness. Cogent Education, 10(1), 2221164. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2221164
- Wibowo, A., Saptono, A., Narmaditya, B. S., Effendi, M. S., Mukhtar, S., Suparno, & Shafiai, M. H. M. (2024). Using technology acceptance model to investigate digital business intention among Indonesian students. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), 2314253. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2314253
- Wolf, E. J., Harrington, K. M., Clark, S. L., & Miller, M. W. (2013). Sample size requirements for structural equation models: An evaluation of power, bias, and solution propriety. Educational and psychological measurement, 73(6), 913-934. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164413495237
- World Bank (2024). Digital Progress and Trends Report 2023. The World Bank, Washington D.C. https://worldbank.org/en/publication/digital-progress-and-trends-report
- World Bank Group (2018). The Jobs Agenda for the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b3ccec95-4f4c-59e8-8285-889ca0844d1e
- Wu, B., & Yang, W. (2022). Empirical test of the impact of the digital economy on China’s employment structure. Finance Research Letters, 49, 103047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.103047
- Xie, K., Song, Y., Zhang, W., Hao, J., Liu, Z., & Chen, Y. (2018). Technological entrepreneurship in science parks: A case study of Wuhan Donghu High-Tech Zone. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 135, 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.01.021
- Xu, R., Yao, H., & Li, J. (2025). Digital economy’s impact on high-quality economic growth: A comprehensive analysis in the context of China. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 16(1), 2861-2879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-02082-w
- Xu, Z. X., Zhu, Y., Liu, J., & Cavusgil, S. T. (2023). Digital entrepreneurial intentions and actions in China during the COVID-19 pandemic with policy implications. Journal of General Management, 03063070231172267. https://doi.org/10.1177/03063070231172267
- Yáñez-Valdés, C., & Guerrero, M. (2024). Determinants and impacts of digital entrepreneurship: A preand post-COVID-19 perspective. Technovation, 132, 102983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2024.102983
- Yao, M., Ye, D., Yang, G., Shi, H., & Zheng, X. (2021). Are entrepreneurial capabilities and prior knowledge the silver bullet for the generation of new digital venture ideas in a digital context? Journal of Global Information Management, 29(6), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.4018/JGIM.20211101.oa12
- Younis, H., Katsioloudes, M., & Al Bakri, A. (2020). Digital entrepreneurship intentions of Qatar university students motivational factors identification: Digital entrepreneurship intentions. International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 10(1), 56-74. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEEI.2020010105
- Youssef, A. B., Boubaker, S., Dedaj, B., & Carabregu-Vokshi, M. (2021). Digitalization of the economy and entrepreneurship intention. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 164, 120043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120043
- Zaheer, H., Breyer, Y., & Dumay, J. (2019). Digital entrepreneurship: An interdisciplinary structured literature review and research agenda. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 148, 119735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119735
- Zeynalov, S., & Doğantan, E. (2025). The Effect of Digital Literacy and Entrepreneurship Education on Digital Entrepreneurship Intention: The Mediating Role of Personal Innovativeness. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 30(2), 1189-1206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-025-09821-1
- Zhang, J., Zhao, W., Cheng, B., Li, A., Wang, Y., Yang, N., & Tian, Y. (2022). The impact of digital economy on the economic growth and the development strategies in the post-COVID-19 era: evidence from countries along the “Belt and Road”. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 856142. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.856142
- Zhang, Y., Su, Y., & Wang, S. (2025). Digital economy and entrepreneurial vitality: unveiling the impact and mechanisms through the lens of smart cities. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 14228. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-98014-y