References
- Baretta, D., Brescovit, A. D., Knysak, I. & Cardoso E.J.B.N. (2007). Trap and soil monolith sampled edaphic spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) in Araucaria angustifolia forest. Scientia Agricola, 64(4), 375–383.10.1590/S0103-90162007000400008
- Beylich, A., Oberholzer, H.R., Schrader, S., Höper, H. & Wilke B.M. (2010). Evaluation of soil compaction effects on soil biota and soil biological processes in soils. Soil Tillage Res., 109(2), 133–143. DOI: 10.1016/j. still.2010.05.010.
- Brietbart, R. (1988). Soil testing procedures for soil survey: Laboratory procedure manual. Gabrone: Agricultural Information Services, Ministry of Agriculture.
- Climate-Data (2021). Kathmandu climate. https://en.climate-data.org/asia/nepal/central-development-region/kathmandu-1137/.
- Daily, G.C., Alexander, S., Ehrlich, P.R., Goulder, L., Lubchenco, J., Matson, P.A., Mooney, H.A., Postel, S., Schneider, S.H., Tilman, D. & Woodwell G.M. (1997). Ecosystem services: benefits supplied to human societies by natural ecosystems. Issues in Ecology, 2, 1–16.
- Decaëns, T., Jiménez, J.J., Gioia, C., Measey, G.J. & Lavelle P. (2006). The values of soil animals for conservation biology. Eur. J. Soil Biol., 42, 23–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2006.07.001.10.1016/j.ejsobi.2006.07.001
- Frouz, J., Prach, K., Pižl, V., Háněl, L., Starý, J., Tajovský, K., Materna, J., Balík, V., Kalčík, J. & Řehounková K. (2008). Interactions between soil development, vegetation and soil fauna during spontaneous succession in post mining sites. Eur. J. Soil Biol., 44(1), 109–121. DOI: 10.1016/j. ejsobi.2007.09.002.
- Galli, L., Capurro, M., Menta, C. & Rellini I. (2014). Is the QBS-ar index a good tool to detect the soil quality in Mediterranean areas? A cork tree Quercus suber L. (Fagaceae) wood as a case of study. Italian Journal of Zoology, 81(1), 126–135. DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2013.875601.10.1080/11250003.2013.875601
- Gerlach, J., Samways, M. & Pryke J. (2013). Terrestrial invertebrates as bioindicators: an overview of available taxonomic groups. J. Insect Conserv., 17(4), 831–850. DOI: 10.1007/s10841-013-9565-9.10.1007/s10841-013-9565-9
- Gonzalez, G. & Seastedt T.R. (2001). Soil fauna and plant litter decomposition in tropical and subalpine forests. Ecology, 82(4), 955–964. DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[0955:SFAPLD]2.0.CO;2.
- Gupta, S.K. (1985). Plant mites of India. Calcutta: Sri Aurobindo Press.
- Haimi, J., Laamanen, J., Penttinen, R., Räty, M., Koponen, S., Kellomäki, S. & Niemelä P. (2005). Impacts of elevated CO2 and temperature on the soil fauna of boreal forests. Appl. Soil Ecol., 30(2), 104–112. DOI: 10.1016/j. apsoil.2005.02.006.
- Johnson, N.F., & Triplehorn C.A. (2005). Borror and DeLong‘s introduction to the study of insects. Cole Belmont: Thompson Brooks.
- Julka, J.M. (1988). Fauna of India: Megadrile Oligochaeta (earthworms). Calcutta: Doon Phototype Printers.
- Kautz, T., López-Fando, C. & Ellmer F. (2006). Abundance and biodiversity of soil microarthropods as influenced by different types of organic manure in a long-term field experiment in Central Spain. Appl. Soil Ecol., 33(3), 278–285. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2005.10.003.10.1016/j.apsoil.2005.10.003
- Koehler, H.H. (1992). The use of soil mesofauna for the judgement of chemical impact on ecosystems. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 40, 193–205. DOI: 10.1016/0167-8809(92)90092-P.10.1016/0167-8809(92)90092-P
- Kooch, Y. & Noghre N. (2020). The effect of shrubland and grassland vegetation types on soil fauna and flora activities in a mountainous semi-arid landscape of Iran. Sci. Total Environ., 703. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135497.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135497
- Korboulewsky, N., Perez, G. & Chauvat M. (2016). How tree diversity affects soil fauna diversity: a review. Soil Biol. Biochem., 94, 94–106. DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.11.024.10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.11.024
- Lavelle, P. (1996). Diversity of soil fauna and ecosystem function. Biology International, 33, 3–16.
- Lavelle, P. (1997). Faunal activities and soil processes: Adaptive strategies that determine ecosystem function. Adv. Ecol. Res., 27, 93–132. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60007-0.10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60007-0
- Lavelle, P., Decaëns, T., Aubert, M., Barot, S., Blouin, M., Bureau, F., Margerie, P., Mora, P. & Rossi P.-J. (2006). Soil invertebrates and ecosystem services. Eur. J. Soil Biol., 42, 3–15. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2006.10.002.10.1016/j.ejsobi.2006.10.002
- Lindberg, N. (2003). Soil fauna and global change- responses to experimental drought, irrigation, fertilization and soil warming. Ph.D. thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Liu, Y., Wang, L., He, R., Chen, Y., Xu, Z., Tan, B., Zhang, L., Xiao, J., Zhu, P., Chen L., Guo, L. & Zhang J. (2019). Higher soil fauna abundance accelerates litter carbon release across an alpine forest-tundra ecotone. Sci. Rep., 9(1). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47072-0.10.1038/s41598-019-47072-0664665731332217
- Lubbers, I.M., Berg, M.P., De Deyn, G.B., Putten, W.H. & Groenigen J.W. (2020). Soil fauna diversity increases CO2 but suppresses N2O emissions from soil. Global Change Biology, 26(3), 1886–1898. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14860.10.1111/gcb.14860707887831587448
- Madej, G., Barczyk, G. & Gdawiec M. (2011). Evaluation of soil biological quality index (QBS-ar): Its sensitivity and usefulness in the post-mining chronosequence-preliminary research. Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 20(5), 1367–1372.
- Menta, C. (2012). Soil fauna diversity - function, soil degradation, biological indices, soil restoration. In G.A. Lameed (Ed.), Biodiversity conservation and utilizationn in a diverse world (pp. 59–94). IntechOpen.10.5772/51091
- Menta, C., Conti, F.D., Pinto, S. & Bodini A. (2018). Soil biological quality index (QBS-ar): 15 years of application at global scale. Ecological Indicators, 85, 773–780. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.11.030.10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.11.030
- Menta, C. & Remelli S. (2020). Soil health and arthropods: From complex system to worthwhile investigation. Insects, 11(1), 54. DOI: 10.3390/insects11010054.10.3390/insects11010054702245131963103
- Mitra, S.C., Dey, A. & Ramakrishna (2004). Pictorial handbook- Indian land snails (selected species). Kolkata: Calcutta Repro Graphics.
- Mulder, C. & Elser J.J. (2009). Soil acidity, ecological stoichiometry and allometric scaling in grassland food webs. Global Change Biology, 15, 2730–2738. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01899.x.10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01899.x
- Nawaz, M., Bourrié, G. & Trolard F. (2012). Soil compaction impact and modelling: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 33(2), 291–309. DOI: 10.1007/s13593-011-0071-8.10.1007/s13593-011-0071-8
- Parisi, V., Menta, C., Gardi, C. & Jacomini C. (2003). Evaluation of soil quality and biodiversity in Italy: The biological quality of soil index (QBS) approach. In Paper presented at the Proceedings of OECD expert meeting on ‘Agricultural impacts on soil erosion and soil biodiversity: Developing indicators for policy analysis’. Rome.
- Parisi, V., Menta, C., Gardi, C., Jacomini, C. & Mozzanica E. (2005). Micro-arthropod communities as a tool to assess soil quality and biodiversity: a new approach in Italy. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 105(1–2), 323–333. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2004.02.002.10.1016/j.agee.2004.02.002
- Pereira, J.M., Segat, J.C., Baretta, D., Vasconcellos, R.L.F., Baretta, C.R.D.M. & Cardoso E.J.B.N. (2017). Soil macrofauna as a soil quality indicator in native and replanted Araucaria angustifolia forests. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 41. DOI: 10.1590/18069657rbcs20160261.10.1590/18069657rbcs20160261
- Qian, H. & Ricklefs R.E. (2008). Global concordance in diversity patterns of vascular plants and terrestrial vertebrates. Ecol. Lett., 11(6), 547–553. DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01168.x.10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01168.x18318717
- Reynolds, S.G. (1970). The gravimetric method of soil moisture determination. J. Hydrol., 11, 258–273. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1694(70)90066-1.10.1016/0022-1694(70)90066-1
- Salmon, S., Artuso, N., Frizzera, L. & Zampedri R. (2008). Relationships between soil fauna communities and humus forms: response to forest dynamics and solar radiation. Soil Biol. Biochem., 40(7), 1707–1715. DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.02.007.10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.02.007
- Santos, M.A.B., Oliveira Filho, L.C.I., Pompeo, P.N., Ortiz, D.C., Mafra, Á.L., Klauberg Filho, O. & Baretta D. (2018). Morphological diversity of springtails in land use systems. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 42. DOI: 10.1590/18069657rbcs20170277.10.1590/18069657rbcs20170277
- Seitz, S., Goebes, P., Zumstein, P., Assmann, T., Kühn, P., Niklaus, P.A., Schuldt, A. & Scholten T. (2015). The influence of leaf litter diversity and soil fauna on initial soil erosion in subtropical forests. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 40(11), 1439–1447. DOI: 10.1002/esp.3726.10.1002/esp.3726
- Su, J.C., Debinski, D.M., Jakubauskas, M.E. & Kindscher K. (2004). Beyond species richness: Community similarity as a measure of cross-taxon congruence for coarse-filter conservation. Conserv. Biol., 18(1), 167–173. DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00337.x.10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00337.x
- Szlavecz, K., Vilisics, F., Toth, Z. & Hornung E. (2018). Terrestrial isopods in urban environments: An overview. Zookeys, 801, 97–126. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.801.29580.10.3897/zookeys.801.29580628825730564033
- Tan, X., Chang, S.X. & Kabzems R. (2005). Effects of soil compaction and forest floor removal on soil microbial properties and N transformations in a boreal forest long-term soil productivity study. For. Ecol. Manag., 217(2–3), 158–170. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.061.10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.061
- Tan, X., Chang, S.X. & Kabzems R. (2007). Soil compaction and forest floor removal reduced microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a boreal aspen forest soil. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 44(3), 471–479. DOI: 10.1007/s00374-007-0229-3.10.1007/s00374-007-0229-3
- Tikader, B.K. (1987). Handbook Indian spiders. Calcutta: Navana Printing Works. Uhey, D.A., Riskas, H.L., Smith, A.D. & Hofstetter R.W. (2020). Ground-dwelling arthropods of pinyon-juniper woodlands: Arthropod community patterns are driven by climate and overall plant productivity, not host tree species. PLoS One, 15(8). DOI: 10.1371/journal. pone.0238219.
- Wang, S., Tan, Y., Fan, H., Ruan, H. & Zheng A. (2015). Responses of soil microarthropods to inorganic and organic fertilizers in a poplar plantation in a coastal area of eastern China. Appl. Soil Ecol., 89, 69–75. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.01.004.10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.01.004
- Ward, D.F. & Larivière M.C. (2004). Terrestrial invertebrate surveys and rapid biodiversity assessment in New Zealand: lessons from Australia. N. Z. J. Ecol., 28(1), 151–159.
- Wolters, V., Bengtsson, J. & Zaitsev A.S. (2006). Relationship among the species richness of different taxa. Ecology, 87(8), 1886–1895. DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1886:RATSRO]2.0.CO;2.
- Yang, Y., Wu, Q., Yang, W., Wu, F., Zhang, L., Xu, Z., Liu, Y., Tan, B., Li, H. & Zhou W. (2020). Temperature and soil nutrients drive the spatial distributions of soil macroinvertebrates on the eastern Tibetan plateau. Ecosphere, 11(3), e03075. DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3075.10.1002/ecs2.3075
- Yin, X., Ma, C., He, H., Wang, Z., Li, X., Fu, G., Liu, Y. & Zheng Y. (2018). Distribution and diversity patterns of soil fauna in different salinization habitats of Songnen grasslands, China. Appl. Soil Ecol., 123, 375–383. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.09.034.10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.09.034
- Yorkina, N., Zhukov, O. & Chromysheva O. (2019). Potential possibilities of soil mesofauna usage for biodiagnostics of soil contamination by heavy metals. Ekológia (Bratislava), 38(1), 1–10. DOI: 10.2478/eko-2019-0001.10.2478/eko-2019-0001
- Zagatto, M.R.G., Filho, L.C.O., Pompeo, P.N., Niva, C.C., Baretta, D. & Cardoso E.J.B.N. (2020). Mesofauna and macrofauna in soil and litter of mixed plantations. In E.J.B.N. Cardoso (Ed.), Mixed plantations of Eucalyptus and leguminous trees (pp. 155–172). Switzerland: Springer Nature.
- Zagatto, M.R.G., Niva, C.C., Thomazini, M.J., Baretta, D., Santos, A., Nadolny, H., Cardoso, G.B.X. & Brown G.G. (2017). Soil invertebrates in different land-use systems: How integrated production systems and seasonality affect soil mesofauna communities. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B, 7(3). 158–169. DOI: 10.17265/2161-6264/2017.03.003.10.17265/2161-6264/2017.03.003
- Zagatto, M.R.G., Pereira, A.P.A., De Souza, A.J., Pereira, R.F., Baldesin, L.F., Pereira, C.M., Luis, F., Pereira, C.M. & Lopes R.V. (2019a). Interactions between mesofauna, microbiological and chemical soil attributes in pure and intercropped Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium plantations. For. Ecol. Manag., 433, 240-247. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.008.10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.008
- Zagatto, M.R.G., Zan–o Júnior, L.A., Pereira, A.P.A., Estrada-Bonilla, G. & Cardoso E.J.B.N. (2019b). Soil mesofauna in consolidated land use systems: how management affects soil and litter invertebrates. Scientia Agricola, 76(2), 165–171. DOI: 10.1590/1678-992x-2017-0139.10.1590/1678-992x-2017-0139
- Zhu, X., Gao, B., Yuan, S. & Hu Y. (2010). Community structure and seasonal variation of soil arthropods in the forest-steppe ecotone of the mountainous region in Northern Hebei, China. Journal of Mountain Science, 7(2), 187–196. DOI: 10.1007/s11629-010-0198-0.10.1007/s11629-010-0198-0
- Zhu, X., Hu, Y. & Gao B. (2011). Influence of environment of forest-steppe ecotone on soil arthropods community in Northern Hebei, China. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 10, 1862–1867. DOI: 10.1016/j. proenv.2011.09.291.
- Zhukov, O., Kunah, O., Dubinina, Y. & Novikova V. (2018). The role of edaphic and vegetation factors in structuring beta diversity of the soil macrofauna community of the Dnipro river arena terrace. Ekológia (Bratislava), 37(4), 301–327. DOI: 10.2478/eko-2018-0023.10.2478/eko-2018-0023