Comparison of Destination Competitiveness Ranking in Mediterranean Countries: An Analysis of the Travel and Tourism Development Index Cover

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Comparison of Destination Competitiveness Ranking in Mediterranean Countries: An Analysis of the Travel and Tourism Development Index

European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation

Volume 15 (2025): Issue 2 (December 2025)

By: Feridun Aydinlia , Mete Sezgin and Birsen Bulut Solak

Open Access

|Dec 2025

Figures & Tables

Spread Diagram

Perceptual Map of Countries Based on Competitiveness Factor

Travel & Tourism Development Index Framework-2021

Enabling Environment	Travel and Tourism Policy and Enabling Conditions	Infrastructure	Travel and Tourism Demand Drivers	Travel and Tourism Sustainability
Business Environment	Prioritization Travel and Tourism	Air Transport Infrastructure	Natural Resources	Environmental Sustainability
Safety and Security	International Openness	Ground and Port Infrastructure	Cultural Resources	Socioeconomic Resilience and Conditions
Health and Hygiene	Price Competitiveness	Tourist Service Infrastructure	Non-Leisure Resources	Travel and Tourism Demand Pressure and Impact
Human Resources and Labour Market
Information Communication Technologies
(ICT) Readiness

Favourable Conditions for Travel and Tourism Policy

	2019				2021
	Phi+	Phi-	Phi	Rank	Phi+	Phi-	Phi	Rank
Spain	0,226	0,156	0,069	3	0,232	0,186	0,045	3
Turkey	0,198	0,178	0,019	4	0,204	0,220	-0,015	6
Italy	0,144	0,369	-0,224	8	0,150	0,307	-0,157	7
Greece	0,289	0,192	0,096	2	0,268	0,209	0,059	2
Portugal	0,179	0,178	0,001	5	0,142	0,289	-0,147	5
Egypt	0,306	0,187	0,119	1	0,426	0,173	0,253	1
Morocco	0,152	0,209	-0,057	7	0,175	0,214	-0,039	8
Tunisia	0,217	0,242	-0,024	6	0,240	0,239	0,0008	4

Travel and Tourism Sustainability

	2019				2021
	Phi+	Phi-	Phi	Rank	Phi+	Phi-	Phi	Rank
Spain	0,330	0,041	0,289	1	0,313	0,046	0,266	3
Turkey	0,011	0,481	-0,470	8	0,032	0,463	-0,430	7
Italy	0,330	0,051	0,278	3	0,343	0,048	0,295	2
Greece	0,259	0,153	0,106	5	0,179	0,209	-0,030	5
Portugal	0,335	0,051	0,284	2	0,395	0,044	0,351	1
Egypt	0,336	0,167	0,168	4	0,322	0,136	0,186	4
Morocco	0,062	0,344	-0,281	6	0,107	0,274	-0,167	6
Tunisia	0,030	0,405	-0,375	7	0,025	0,496	-0,471	8

Travel and Tourism Demand Drivers

	2019				2021
	Phi+	Phi-	Phi	Rank	Phi+	Phi-	Phi	Rank
Spain	0,569	0,006	0,563	1	0,633	0	0,633	1
Turkey	0,144	0,179	-0,034	4	0,191	0,149	0,042	4
Italy	0,550	0,009	0,541	2	0,515	0,016	0,498	2
Greece	0,074	0,228	-0,154	5	0,065	0,257	-0,191	5
Portugal	0,197	0,125	0,072	3	0,190	0,137	0,053	3
Egypt	0,056	0,313	-0,257	6	0,06	0,286	-0,223	6
Morocco	0,035	0,311	-0,275	7	0,016	0,364	-0,348	7
Tunisia	0,007	0,462	-0,454	8	0,004	0,469	-0,465	8

Infrastructure

	2019				2021
	Phi+	Phi-	Phi	Rank	Phi+	Phi-	Phi	Rank
Spain	0,497	0,001	0,496	1	0,475	0,002	0,472	1
Turkey	0,148	0,183	-0,035	5	0,190	0,151	0,039	5
Italy	0,347	0,030	0,316	3	0,349	0,029	0,320	2
Greece	0,241	0,090	0,150	4	0,221	0,096	0,124	4
Portugal	0,374	0,023	0,351	2	0,323	0,053	0,270	3
Egypt	0,049	0,383	-0,333	6	0,075	0,305	-0,230	6
Morocco	0,026	0,427	-0,401	7	0,090	0,423	-0,332	7
Tunisia	0,006	0,551	-0,544	8	0,004	0,607	-0,603	8

PROMETHEE Method Stages

Step 1. Normalise the evaluation matrix (decision matrix)Rij=[xij−min(xij)][max(xij)−min(xij)]Rij = {{[xij - \min (xij)]} \over {[\max (xij) - \min (xij)]}}
Step 2. Comparing alternatives with other alternatives.D(M1-M2)D(M1-M3)D(M1-M4)…………
Step 3. Calculate the preference function P_j(a,b).P_j(a,b) = if R_aj≤ R_bjP_j(a,b) = (R_aj - R_bj) if R_aj > R_bj	D(Ma-Mb) ≤ 0D(Ma-Mb) > 0
Step 5. Determine leaving and entering transition flows.φ+=1n−1∑x∈Aπ(a,x)φ−=1n−1∑x∈Aπ(x,a){\varphi ^{ + = {1 \over {n - 1}}\sum\limits_{x \in A} \pi (a,x){\varphi ^{ - = {1 \over {n - 1}}}}\sum\limits_{x \in A} \pi (x,a)}}
Step 6. Determine the net transition flow for each alternative.φ(a)=φ+(a)−φ−(a)\varphi (a) = \varphi + (a) - {\varphi ^{ - (a)}}

Enabling Environment

	2019				2021
	Phi+	Phi-	Phi	Rank	Phi+	Phi-	Phi	Rank
Spain	0,380	0,045	0,335	2	0,368	0,028	0,339	2
Turkey	0,090	0,294	-0,203	6	0,094	0,286	-0,191	6
Italy	0,269	0,114	0,154	3	0,261	0,083	0,177	3
Greece	0,259	0,194	0,065	4	0,224	0,148	0,076	4
Portugal	0,427	0,068	0,359	1	0,394	0,018	0,376	1
Egypt	0,066	0,363	-0,297	8	0,205	0,226	-0,021	5
Morocco	0,171	0,408	-0,237	7	0,081	0,404	-0,323	7
Tunisia	0,062	0,238	-0,176	5	0,027	0,461	-0,434	8

The Situation of Tourism in Mediterranean Countries

Destination	ITA (thousands)	ITIR (millions)	T&TI GDP (million $)	T&TIE (jobs)
Spain	18.957.9	18.477.4	28.183.8	829.7
Turkey	15.894.4	10.220.0	12.287.6	665.8
Italy	25.189.6	19.796.6	56.553.9	1518.6
Greece	7.217.0	4.932.9	5.892.2	244.4
Portugal	6.480.1	8.855.5	7.438.9	379.5
Egypt	3.500.0	4.397.6	9.477.7	965.4
Morocco	2.777.8	3.829.1	3.186.8	373.0
Tunisia	2.012.4	839.5	1.253.1	99.6

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ejthr-2025-0013 | Journal eISSN: 2182-4924 | Journal ISSN: 2182-4916

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Language: English

Page range: 183 - 195

Submitted on: May 3, 2024

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Accepted on: Jan 8, 2025

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Published on: Dec 31, 2025

Published by: Polytechnic Institute of Leiria

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

Keywords:

destination competitiveness,

tourism competitiveness,

travel and tourism development index

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Business management,

Business management, other,

Tourism, hospitality, travel,

Event industry, leisure industry,

Sports and recreation,

Sports and recreation, other

© 2025 Feridun Aydinlia, Mete Sezgin, Birsen Bulut Solak, published by Polytechnic Institute of Leiria
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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