Figure 1:
Demographic Features (Şenel, 2023: 112)
| Variable | Sample (n=384) | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Female | 180 | 46.9 |
| Male | 204 | 53.1 |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 168 | 43.8 |
| Single | 216 | 56.3 |
| Age | ||
| 18–25 | 42 | 10.9 |
| 26–35 | 100 | 26.0 |
| 36–45 | 122 | 31.8 |
| 46–55 | 66 | 17.2 |
| 56+ | 54 | 14.1 |
| Educational level | ||
| Primary school | 29 | 7.6 |
| Secondary education | 116 | 30.2 |
| Foundation Degree / Undergraduate | 188 | 49.0 |
| Postgraduate | 51 | 13.3 |
| Income | ||
| Very poor | 43 | 11.2 |
| Poor | 35 | 9.1 |
| Average | 127 | 33.1 |
| Good | 157 | 40.9 |
| Very good | 22 | 5.7 |
| How many years | ||
| 1–3 | 72 | 18.8 |
| 4–6 | 152 | 39.6 |
| 7–9 | 120 | 31.3 |
| 10+ | 40 | 10.4 |
| How many times | ||
| 1–2 | 93 | 24.2 |
| 3–4 | 166 | 43.2 |
| 5–6 | 107 | 27.9 |
| 7+ | 18 | 4.7 |
| Occupation | ||
| Student | 54 | 14.1 |
| Employee | 47 | 12.2 |
| Business owner | 38 | 9.9 |
| Officer | 115 | 29.9 |
| Tourism professional | 28 | 7.3 |
| Retired | 61 | 15.9 |
| Unemployed | 28 | 7.3 |
| Other | 13 | 3.4 |
Results Regarding Structural Model (Şenel, 2023: 117)
| Hypotheses | Path Coefficient | GA Lower Limit | GA Upper Limit | T Values | p | Result | VIF | ƒ2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H1a | Extraversion > Environmental identity | 0.155 | 0.023 | 0.322 | 2.064 | 0.039 | Supported | 3.658 | 0.021 |
| H1b | Agreeableness> Environmental Identity | 0.470 | 0.313 | 0.610 | 6.251 | 0.01 | Supported | 3.888 | 0.165 |
| H1c | Openness > Environmental identity | 0.240 | 0.133 | 0.353 | 4.218 | 0.01 | Supported | 3.587 | 0.046 |
| H1d | Conscientiousness > Environmental identity | 0.005 | –0.099 | 0.107 | 0.095 | 0.924 | Not supported | 3.159 | - |
| H1e | Neuroticism > Environmental identity | –0.089 | –0.179 | –0.001 | 1.982 | 0.048 | Supported | 1.592 | 0.020 |
| H2a | Extraversion > Flow | –0.050 | –0.173 | 0.088 | 0.757 | 0.449 | Not supported | 3.728 | - |
| H2b | Agreeableness > Flow | −0.004 | −0.153 | 0.129 | 0.061 | 0.952 | Not supported | 4.529 | - |
| H2c | Openness > Flow | 0.450 | 0.332 | 0.575 | 7.341 | 0.01 | Supported | 3.754 | 0.130 |
| H2d | Conscientiousness > Flow | –0.073 | –0.178 | 0.042 | 1.302 | 0.193 | Not supported | 3.159 | - |
| H2e | Neuroticism > Flow | –0.207 | –0.296 | –0.113 | 4.412 | 0.01 | Supported | 1.615 | 0.064 |
| H3 | Environmental identity> Flow | 0.351 | 0.234 | 0.463 | 5.969 | 0.01 | Supported | 2.901 | 0.102 |
Results of Mediation Analysis (Şenel, 2023: 118)
| Hypotheses | Indirect Effect | GA Lower Limit | GA Upper Limit | t Value | p Value | Result | Mediating Role | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H4a | Extraversion> Environmental identity > Flow | 0.054 | 0.011 | 0.122 | 1.971 | 0.049 | Supported | Only indirect mediation (full mediation) |
| H4b | Agreeableness > Environmental identity > Flow | 0.165 | 0.099 | 0.248 | 4.385 | 0.000 | Supported | Only indirect mediation (full mediation |
| H4c | Openness > Environmental identity > Flow | 0.084 | 0.043 | 0.141 | 3.334 | 0.001 | Supported | Complementary mediation (partial mediation) |
| H4d | Conscientiousness >Environmental identity > Flow | 0.002 | –0.035 | 0.038 | 0.094 | 0.925 | Not supported | - |
| H4e | Neuroticism >Environmental identity > Flow | –0.031 | –0.070 | –0.003 | 1.844 | 0.065 | Not supported | - |
Results Regarding the Validity of the Decomposition (Şenel, 2023: 114)
| HTMT Criteria | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | 2) | 3) | 4) | 5) | 6) | 7) | |
| Flow | |||||||
| Openness | 0.690 | ||||||
| Neuroticism | 0.620 | 0.567 | |||||
| Extraversion | 0.482 | 0.464 | 0.522 | ||||
| Conscientiousness | 0.544 | 0.865 | 0.463 | 0.390 | |||
| Agreeableness | 0.538 | 0.489 | 0.584 | 0.895 | 0.438 | ||
| Environmental identity | 0.667 | 0.571 | 0.553 | 0.664 | 0.482 | 0.732 | |
| Fornell–Larcker Criteria | |||||||
| Flow | 0.772 | ||||||
| Openness | 0.675 | 0.976 | |||||
| Neuroticism | –0.570 | –0.516 | 0.937 | ||||
| Extraversion | 0.467 | 0.446 | –0.480 | 0.986 | |||
| Agreeableness | 0.539 | 0.825 | –0.423 | 0.377 | 0.979 | ||
| Conscientiousess | 0.506 | 0.460 | –0.523 | 0.849 | 0.413 | 0.964 | |
| Environmental identity | 0.647 | 0.575 | –0.536 | 0.706 | 0.493 | 0.761 | 0.782 |
Results Regarding Measurement Model (Şenel, 2023: 109)
| Items | Factor Loads | Cronbach’s Alpha | BG | AOV |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flow | 0.932 | 0.942 | 0.596 | |
| I’m not interested in what other people think about me. | 0.771 | |||
| I feel that time is passing (slowing down or speeding up). | 0.782 | |||
| I feel competent enough to overcome difficulties. | 0.735 | |||
| I know what achievement I would like to have. | 0.734 | |||
| I have strong ideas about how well I’m performing. | 0.789 | |||
| My goals have been clearly defined. | 0.862 | |||
| I can tell you how well I have performed when the time comes. | 0.778 | |||
| I fully concentrate on the work I am doing | 0.826 | |||
| I can completely control my body. | 0.804 | |||
| I don’t worry about what other people might think about me. | 0.751 | |||
| The experiences acquired during the activity are beneficial and far better. | 0.640 | |||
| Openness | 0.951 | 0.952 | 0.953 | |
| I consider myself someone who has an interest in art. | 0.976 | |||
| I consider myself a creative person. | 0.977 | |||
| Neuroticism | 0.861 | 0.874 | 0.877 | |
| I consider myself a person who can cope with stress. | 0.946 | |||
| I consider myself a person who gets angry easily. | 0.947 | |||
| Extraversion | 0.972 | 0.974 | 0.973 | |
| I consider myself an introvert. | 0.987 | |||
| I consider myself a social person. | 0.985 | |||
| Conscientiousess | 0.957 | 0.979 | 0.959 | |
| I consider myself prone to being lazy. | 0.978 | |||
| I feel like someone who can do the task completely. | 0.980 | |||
| Agreeableness | 0.925 | 0.929 | 0.930 | |
| I consider myself a reliable person. | 0.962 | |||
| I see myself as someone who tends to find fault with others. | 0.967 | |||
| Environmental identity | 0.915 | 0.936 | 0.612 | |
| I spent a lot of time in natural environments (woodlands, mountains, etc.). | 0.818 | |||
| If I had enough time and money, I would spend some of it on the protection of the environment. | 0.813 | |||
| Spending time in nature when I am unhappy makes me feel better. | 0.809 | |||
| I need to live close to the wild nature; I don’t want to live in the city all the time. | 0.805 | |||
| I believe that some of the social problems will improve when I return to rural life. | 0.779 | |||
| I like gardens. | 0.798 | |||
| Being a part of the natural world is an important part of my image. | 0.686 | |||
| I like camping in nature. | 0.743 |