References
- Aksu, G., Eser, M. T., & Güzeller, C. O. (2017). Açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile yapısal eşitlik modeli uygulamaları [Explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling applications]. Detay Publishing.
-
[2]
Altinay, L., & Kozak, M. (2021). Revisiting destination competitiveness through chaos theory: The butterfly competitiveness model. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 49(2021), 331–340.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.10.004 AltinayL. KozakM. 2021 Revisiting destination competitiveness through chaos theory: The butterfly competitiveness model Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 49 2021 331 340https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.10.004 -
[3]
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1984). The effect of sampling error on convergence, ımproper solutions, and goodness-of-fit ındices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Psychometrika, 49(2), 155–173.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294170 AndersonJ. C. GerbingD. W. 1984 The effect of sampling error on convergence, ımproper solutions, and goodness-of-fit ındices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis Psychometrika 49 2 155 173https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294170 -
[4]
Baloğlu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868–897.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00030-4 BaloğluS. McClearyK. W. 1999 A model of destination image formation Annals of Tourism Research 26 4 868 897https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00030-4 - Basbeth, F., Ghani, N. H. A., & Sedyowidodo, U. (2018, October 10–11). Smart destination branding: The need for new capability and opportunities for entrepreneurship [Conference session]. 2018 International Conference on ICT for Smart Society (ICISS), Indonesia.
- Bayram, N. (2016). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: AMOS uygulamaları [Introduction to structural equation modelling: AMOS applications]. Ezgi Kitabevi.
-
[7]
Boes, K., Buhalis, D., & Inversini, A. (2016). Smart tourism destinations: ecosystems for tourism destination competitiveness. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 2(2), 108–124.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-12-2015-0032 BoesK. BuhalisD. InversiniA. 2016 Smart tourism destinations: ecosystems for tourism destination competitiveness International Journal of Tourism Cities 2 2 108 124https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-12-2015-0032 -
[8]
Boo, S., Busser, J., & Baloglu, S. (2009). A model of customer-based brand equity and its application to multiple destinations. Tourism Management, 30(2), 219–231.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tour-man.2008.06.003 BooS. BusserJ. BalogluS. 2009 A model of customer-based brand equity and its application to multiple destinations Tourism Management 30 2 219 231https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tour-man.2008.06.003 - Buhalis, D., & Amaranggana, A. (2013). Smart tourism destinations. In Xiang Z., & Tussyadiah I. (Eds.) (2023). Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism, Springer-Verlag, 553–564.
- Buhalis, D., & Amaranggana, A. (2015). Smart tourism destinations enhancing tourism experience through personalisation of services. In I. Tussyadiah & A. Inversini (Eds.), Information and communication technologies in tourism (pp. 377–389). Springer.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2015). Sosyal bilimler için veri analiz kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum [Data analysis book for social sciences: Statistics, research design, SPSS applications and interpretation]. Pegem Akademi.
-
[12]
Cavalheiro, M. B., Cavalheiro, G. M. C., Mayer, V. F., & Marques, O. R. B. (2021). Applying patent analytics to understand technological trends of smart tourism destinations. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 33(6).
https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2020.1870950 CavalheiroM. B. CavalheiroG. M. C. MayerV. F. MarquesO. R. B. 2021 Applying patent analytics to understand technological trends of smart tourism destinations Technology Analysis and Strategic Management 33 6https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2020.1870950 -
[13]
Choi, S. S. (2016). A study on effect of tourism storytelling of tourism destination brand value and tourist behavioural ıntentions. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(46), 1–6.
https://sciresol.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/IJST/Articles/2016/Issue-46/Article89.pdf ChoiS. S. 2016 A study on effect of tourism storytelling of tourism destination brand value and tourist behavioural ıntentions Indian Journal of Science and Technology 9 46 1 6https://sciresol.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/IJST/Articles/2016/Issue-46/Article89.pdf -
[14]
Corrêa, S. C. H., & Gosling, M. S. (2021). Travellers’ perception of smart tourism experiences in smart tourism destinations. Tourism Planning and Development, 18(4), 415–434.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2020.1798689 CorrêaS. C. H. GoslingM. S. 2021 Travellers’ perception of smart tourism experiences in smart tourism destinations Tourism Planning and Development 18 4 415 434https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2020.1798689 - Crouch, G. I. (2007). Modelling destination competitiveness. A survey and analysis of the impact of competitiveness attributes. CRC for Sustainable Tourism Pty Ltd.
-
[16]
Dwyer, L., & Kim, C. (2003). Destination competitiveness: Determinants and indicators. Current Issues in Tourism, 6(5), 369–414.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500308667962 DwyerL. KimC. 2003 Destination competitiveness: Determinants and indicators Current Issues in Tourism 6 5 369 414https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500308667962 -
[17]
Ferns, B. H., & Walls, A. (2012). Enduring travel involvement, destination brand equity, and travellers’ visit intentions: A structural model analysis. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 1(1–2), 27–35.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2012.07.002 FernsB. H. WallsA. 2012 Enduring travel involvement, destination brand equity, and travellers’ visit intentions: A structural model analysis Journal of Destination Marketing and Management 1 1–2 27 35https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2012.07.002 -
[18]
Filho, L. M., Mayer, V. F., & Correa, C. H. W. (2022). Dimensões que influenciam a percepção dos turistas sobre Destinos Turísticos Inteligentes [Dimensions impacting tourists’ perception of Smart Tourism Destinations]. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Tourismo, 16(2022). e-2332.
http://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v16.2332 FilhoL. M. MayerV. F. CorreaC. H. W. 2022 Dimensões que influenciam a percepção dos turistas sobre Destinos Turísticos Inteligentes [Dimensions impacting tourists’ perception of Smart Tourism Destinations] Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Tourismo 16 2022 e-2332http://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v16.2332 -
[19]
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.
https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104 FornellC. LarckerD. F. 1981 Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error Journal of Marketing Research 18 1 39 50https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104 -
[20]
Gartner, W. C., & Ruzzier, M. K. (2011). Tourism destination brand equity dimensions: Renewal versus repeat market. Journal of Travel Research, 50(5), 471–481.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287510379157 GartnerW. C. RuzzierM. K. 2011 Tourism destination brand equity dimensions: Renewal versus repeat market Journal of Travel Research 50 5 471 481https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287510379157 -
[21]
Gómez, M., Lopez, C., & Molina, A. (2015). A model of tourism destination brand equity: The case of wine tourism destinations in Spain. Tourism Management, 51(2015), 210–222.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.05.019 GómezM. LopezC. MolinaA. 2015 A model of tourism destination brand equity: The case of wine tourism destinations in Spain Tourism Management 51 2015 210 222https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.05.019 -
[22]
Gretzel, U. (2018). From smart destinations to smart tourism regions. Journal of Regional Research, 42(2018), 171–184.
https://www.redalyc.org/journal/289/28966251010/28966251010.pdf GretzelU. 2018 From smart destinations to smart tourism regions Journal of Regional Research 42 2018 171 184https://www.redalyc.org/journal/289/28966251010/28966251010.pdf -
[23]
Gretzel, U., & Collier de Mendonça, M. (2019). Smart destination brands: Semiotic analysis of visual and verbal signs. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(4), 560–580.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-09-2019-0159 GretzelU. Collier de MendonçaM. 2019 Smart destination brands: Semiotic analysis of visual and verbal signs International Journal of Tourism Cities 5 4 560 580https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-09-2019-0159 -
[24]
Gretzel, U., Reino, S., Kopera, S., & Koo, C. (2015a). Smart tourism challenges. Journal of Tourism, 15(1), 41–47.
https://www.jothnbgu.in/article/Journalof%20TourismJune%202015.pdf#-page=47 GretzelU. ReinoS. KoperaS. KooC. 2015a Smart tourism challenges Journal of Tourism 15 1 41 47https://www.jothnbgu.in/article/Journalof%20TourismJune%202015.pdf#-page=47 -
[25]
Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z., & Koo, C. (2015b). Smart tourism: Foundations and developments. Electron Markets, 25(3), 179–188.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12525-015-0196-8 GretzelU. SigalaM. XiangZ. KooC. 2015b Smart tourism: Foundations and developments Electron Markets 25 3 179 188https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12525-015-0196-8 - Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective. Pearson Prentice Hall.
-
[27]
Huertas, A., Moreno, A., & Pascual, J. (2021). Place branding for smart cities and smart tourism destinations: Do they communicate their smartness?. Sustainability, 13(19), 10953.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910953 HuertasA. MorenoA. PascualJ. 2021 Place branding for smart cities and smart tourism destinations: Do they communicate their smartness? Sustainability 13 19 10953https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910953 -
[28]
Jeong, M., & Shin, H. H. (2020). Tourists’ experiences with smart tourism technology at smart destinations and their behavior intentions. Journal of Travel Research, 59(8), 1464–1477.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519883034 JeongM. ShinH. H. 2020 Tourists’ experiences with smart tourism technology at smart destinations and their behavior intentions Journal of Travel Research 59 8 1464 1477https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519883034 - Kalaycı, Ş. (2017). Faktör analizi [Factor analysis]. In Ş. Kalaycı (Ed.), SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri (pp. 321–331). Dinamik Akademi.
-
[30]
Kankhuni, Z. T. (2020). The impact of perceived destination competitiveness on tourist-based destination brand equity in emerging destinations [Doctoral dissertation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University]. Polyu Electronic Theses.
https://theses.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/200/10993/3/5457.pdf KankhuniZ. T. 2020 The impact of perceived destination competitiveness on tourist-based destination brand equity in emerging destinations [Doctoral dissertation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University]. Polyu Electronic Theses.https://theses.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/200/10993/3/5457.pdf - Karasar, N. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi: Kavramlar, ilkeler ve teknikler [Scientific research method: Concepts, principles and techniques]. Nobel Academic Publishing.
- Kayış, A. (2017). Güvenilirlik analizi [Reliability analysis]. In Ş. Kalaycı (Ed.), SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri (pp. 403–419). Dinamik Akademi.
-
[33]
Khin, E., Daengbuppha, J., & Nonsiri, P. (2014). Destination competitiveness: A structural model for measuring attributes competitiveness of Bagan, Myanmar. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 4(2), 51–59.
https://www.ijbel.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/KLE4221-Ei-Ei-Khin-Petchsri-Nonsiri-DESTINATION-COMPETITIVENESS.pdf KhinE. DaengbupphaJ. NonsiriP. 2014 Destination competitiveness: A structural model for measuring attributes competitiveness of Bagan, Myanmar International Journal of Business, Economics and Law 4 2 51 59https://www.ijbel.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/KLE4221-Ei-Ei-Khin-Petchsri-Nonsiri-DESTINATION-COMPETITIVENESS.pdf - Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling. Guilford Press.
-
[35]
Konecnick, M., & Gartner, W. C. (2007). Customer-based brand equity for a destination. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(2), 400–421.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.10.005 KonecnickM. GartnerW. C. 2007 Customer-based brand equity for a destination Annals of Tourism Research 34 2 400 421https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.10.005 -
[36]
Kozak, M., Baloğlu, S., & Bahar, O. (2009). Measuring Destination Competitiveness: Multiple Destinations Versus Multiple Nationalities. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 19(1), 56–71.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19368620903327733 KozakM. BaloğluS. BaharO. 2009 Measuring Destination Competitiveness: Multiple Destinations Versus Multiple Nationalities Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management 19 1 56 71https://doi.org/10.1080/19368620903327733 - Lestari, F., Dali, M. M., & Che-Ha, N. (2022, February 22). Towards smart tourism development in city branding era in Indonesia [Conference session]. International Conference on Communication, Policy and Social Science (InCCluSi 2022), Medan, Indonesia.
-
[38]
Liberato, P. M. C., González, E. A., & Liberato, D. F. V. A. (2018). Digital Technology in a Smart Tourist Destination: The Case of Porto. Journal of Urban Technology, 25(1), 75–97.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2017.1413228 LiberatoP. M. C. GonzálezE. A. LiberatoD. F. V. A. 2018 Digital Technology in a Smart Tourist Destination: The Case of Porto Journal of Urban Technology 25 1 75 97https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2017.1413228 -
[39]
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84–99.
https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84 MacCallumR. C. WidamanK. F. ZhangS. HongS. 1999 Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods 4 1 84 99https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84 - Meng, F. (2006). An examination of destination competitiveness from the tourists’ perspective: The relationship between quality of tourism experience and perceived destination competitiveness. [Doctoral dissertation, Polytechnic Institute and State University].
-
[41]
Miličević, K., Mihalič, T., & Sever, I. (2017). An Investigation of the Relationship Between Destination Branding and Destination Competitiveness. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 34(2), 209–221.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2016.1156611 MiličevićK. MihaličT. SeverI. 2017 An Investigation of the Relationship Between Destination Branding and Destination Competitiveness Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 34 2 209 221https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2016.1156611 -
[42]
Novais, M. A., Ruhanen, L., & Arcodia, C. (2018). Destination competitiveness: A phenomenographic study. Tourism Management, 64(2018), 324–334.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tour-man.2017.08.014 NovaisM. A. RuhanenL. ArcodiaC. 2018 Destination competitiveness: A phenomenographic study Tourism Management 64 2018 324 334https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tour-man.2017.08.014 -
[43]
Pan, B., Lin, M. S., Liang, Y., Akyildiz, A., & Park, S. Y. (2021). Social, ethical, and moral issues in smart tourism development in destinations. Journal of Smart Tourism, 1(1), 9–17.
https://doi.org/10.52255/smarttourism.2021.1.1.3 PanB. LinM. S. LiangY. AkyildizA. ParkS. Y. 2021 Social, ethical, and moral issues in smart tourism development in destinations Journal of Smart Tourism 1 1 9 17https://doi.org/10.52255/smarttourism.2021.1.1.3 -
[44]
Payne, A. (1994). Relationship marketing - Making the costumer count. Managing Service Quality, 4(6), 29–31.
https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000003939 PayneA. 1994 Relationship marketing - Making the costumer count Managing Service Quality 4 6 29 31https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000003939 - Ritchie, J. R. B., & Crouch G. I. (2003). The competitive destination: A sustainable tourism perspective. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
-
[46]
Rodríguez-Molina, M. A., Frías-Jamilena, D. M., Del Barrio-García, S., & Castañeda-García, J. A. (2019). Destination brand equity-formation: Positioning by tourism type and message consistency. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 12(2019), 114–124.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.03.010 Rodríguez-MolinaM. A. Frías-JamilenaD. M. Del Barrio-GarcíaS. Castañeda-GarcíaJ. A. 2019 Destination brand equity-formation: Positioning by tourism type and message consistency Journal of Destination Marketing and Management 12 2019 114 124https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.03.010 -
[47]
Segittur. (2018). UNE 178502 de indicadores y herramientas del destino turístico inteligente [UNE 178502 on indicators and tools for smart destinations].
https://www.une.org/encuentra-tu-norma/busca-tu-norma/norma/?c=N0060240 Segittur 2018 UNE 178502 de indicadores y herramientas del destino turístico inteligente [UNE 178502 on indicators and tools for smart destinations]https://www.une.org/encuentra-tu-norma/busca-tu-norma/norma/?c=N0060240 - Sharma, S. (1996). Applied multivariate techniques. John Wiley & Sons.
-
[49]
Tavitiyaman, P., Qu, H., Tsang, W. L., & Lam, C. R. (2021). Smart tourism application and destination image: Mediating role of theory of mind (ToM). Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26(8), 905–920.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2021.1928252 TavitiyamanP. QuH. TsangW. L. LamC. R. 2021 Smart tourism application and destination image: Mediating role of theory of mind (ToM) Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 26 8 905 920https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2021.1928252 -
[50]
Tran, V. T. T., Nguyen, N. P., Tran, P. T. K., Tran, T. N., & Huynh, T. T. P. (2019). Brand equity in a tourism destination: A case study of domestic tourists in Hoi an city, Vietnam. Tourism Review, 74(3), 704–720.
https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2017-0130 TranV. T. T. NguyenN. P. TranP. T. K. TranT. N. HuynhT. T. P. 2019 Brand equity in a tourism destination: A case study of domestic tourists in Hoi an city, Vietnam Tourism Review 74 3 704 720https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2017-0130 -
[51]
Trinchini, L., Kolodi, N. A., Goncharova, N. A., & Baggio, R. (2019). Creativity, innovation and smartness in destination branding. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(4), 529–543.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-08-2019-0116 TrinchiniL. KolodiN. A. GoncharovaN. A. BaggioR. 2019 Creativity, innovation and smartness in destination branding. International Journal of Tourism Cities 5 4 529 543https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-08-2019-0116 -
[52]
Ye, B. H., Ye, H., & Law, R. (2020). Systematic review of smart tourism research. Sustainability, 12(18), 3401.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083401 YeB. H. YeH. LawR. 2020 Systematic review of smart tourism research Sustainability 12 18 3401https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083401 - Yoon, Y. (2002). Development of a structural model for tourism destination competitiveness from stakeholders’ perspectives [Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Hospitality and Tourism Management].
- Yükselen, C. (2003). Pazarlama araştırmaları [Marketing research]. Detay Publishing.