Figure 1:
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)
| Variables | Factor and Substance | Factor Load | Skewness | Kurtosis | AVE | CR | Cronbach’s Alpha (α) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smart Tourism Destinations (STDs) | Technology and Innovation (TI) | −0.501 | 0.941 | 0.47 | 0.88 | ||
| STD15 | 0.779 | ||||||
| STD17 | 0.740 | ||||||
| STD16 | 0.789 | ||||||
| STD14 | 0.710 | ||||||
| STD13 | 0.685 | ||||||
| STD20 | 0.657 | ||||||
| STD19 | 0.648 | ||||||
| STD18 | 0.639 | 0.911 | |||||
| STD12 | 0.511 | ||||||
| Accessibility (AC) | −0.154 | −0.167 | 0.64 | 0.90 | |||
| STD6 | 0.796 | ||||||
| STD8 | 0.849 | ||||||
| STD9 | 0.833 | ||||||
| STD7 | 0.738 | ||||||
| STD10 | 0.809 | ||||||
| STDs Compliance Indexes: | x2/df = 2.877, RMSEA = 0.075, GFI = 0.922, IFI = 0.946, CFI = 0.946 | ||||||
| Destination Brand Equity (DBE) | Destination Brand Awareness (DBA) | −2.047 | 5.127 | 0.72 | 0.91 | ||
| DBE2 | 0.905 | ||||||
| DBE3 | 0.925 | ||||||
| DBE4 | 0.822 | ||||||
| DBE1 | 0.742 | ||||||
| Destination Brand Loyalty (DBL) | −0.357 | 0.154 | 0.56 | 0.86 | 0.916 | ||
| DBE18 | 0.761 | ||||||
| DBE19 | 0.815 | ||||||
| DBE21 | 0.802 | ||||||
| DBE17 | 0.687 | ||||||
| DBE20 | 0.699 | ||||||
| Destination Brand Image (DBI) | −0.331 | −0.109 | 0.62 | 0.87 | |||
| DBE7 | 0.806 | ||||||
| DBE8 | 0.803 | ||||||
| DBE5 | 0.786 | ||||||
| DBE6 | 0.770 | ||||||
| Destination Brand Quality and Value (DBQV) | −0.066 | 0.156 | 0.48 | 0.82 | |||
| DBE13 | 0.675 | ||||||
| DBE14 | 0.842 | ||||||
| DBE16 | 0.551 | ||||||
| DBE15 | 0.749 | ||||||
| DBE11 | 0.641 | ||||||
| DBE Compliance Indexes: | x2/df = 2.968, RMSEA = 0.077, GFI = 0.889, IFI = 0.929, CFI = 0.929 | ||||||
| Destination Competitiveness (DC) | Tourism Infrastructure (TIN) | −1.131 | −0.048 | 0.62 | 0.93 | ||
| DC12 | 0.805 | ||||||
| DC14 | 0.864 | ||||||
| DC13 | 0.826 | ||||||
| DC15 | 0.777 | ||||||
| DC10 | 0.845 | ||||||
| DC8 | 0.837 | ||||||
| DC9 | 0.680 | ||||||
| DC11 | 0.674 | ||||||
| Destination Image (DI) | −0.048 | −0.086 | 0.51 | 0.85 | |||
| DC35 | 0.616 | ||||||
| DC23 | 0.800 | ||||||
| DC34 | 0.744 | ||||||
| DC33 | 0.711 | ||||||
| DC24 | 0.773 | ||||||
| DC36 | 0.608 | ||||||
| General Infrastructure (GI) | −0.327 | 0.291 | 0.49 | 0.85 | |||
| DC19 | 0.751 | 0.948 | |||||
| DC20 | 0.713 | ||||||
| DC18 | 0.708 | ||||||
| DC21 | 0.788 | ||||||
| DC17 | 0.635 | ||||||
| DC16 | 0.617 | ||||||
| Destination Management (DM) | −0.232 | −0.361 | 0.56 | 0.86 | |||
| DC28 | 0.777 | ||||||
| DC29 | 0.862 | ||||||
| DC30 | 0.843 | ||||||
| DC27 | 0.652 | ||||||
| DC7 | 0.602 | ||||||
| Attributes of the Destination (AD) | −1.435 | 2.795 | 0.68 | 0.89 | |||
| DC2 | 0.804 | ||||||
| DC3 | 0.929 | ||||||
| DC1 | 0.780 | ||||||
| DC4 | 0.782 | ||||||
| DC Compliance Indexes: | x2/df = 2.504, RMSEA = 0.067, GFI = 0.851, IFI = 0.919, CFI = 0.918 | ||||||
Correlation analysis
| Variable | Mean | Std. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TI | 3.0903 | 0.70318 | 1 | ||||||||
| AC | 2.8137 | 0.80175 | .537** | 1 | |||||||
| DBA | 4.3906 | 0.80561 | .311** | .105 | 1 | ||||||
| DBL | 3.6101 | 0.75406 | .368** | .225** | .542** | 1 | |||||
| DBI | 3.5610 | 0.86170 | .360** | .294** | .495** | .641** | 1 | ||||
| DBQV | 3.1095 | 0.76811 | .386** | .383** | .254** | .491** | .479** | 1 | |||
| STDs | 2.9915 | 0.65213 | .929** | .811** | .262** | .354** | .378** | .436** | 1 | ||
| DBE | 3.6336 | 0.62177 | .457** | .328** | .710** | .859** | .831** | .729** | .461** | 1 | |
| DC | 3.6370 | 0.66135 | .512** | .358** | ,541** | .602** | .575** | .582** | .513** | .735** | 1 |
Regression analysis
| Variables | R | R2 | B | β | t | F | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent Variable | Dependent Variable | |||||||
| AC | DBI | 0.294 | 0.086 | 0.316 | 0.294 | 5.615 | 31.526 | 0.000** |
| AC | DBQV | 0.383 | 0.147 | 0.367 | 0.383 | 7.587 | 57.556 | 0.000** |
| AC | DBL | 0.225 | 0.051 | 0.211 | 0.225 | 4.215 | 17.764 | 0.000** |
| TI | DBA | 0.311 | 0.097 | 0.357 | 0.311 | 5.989 | 35.866 | 0.000** |
| TI | DBI | 0.360 | 0.129 | 0.441 | 0.360 | 7.045 | 49.630 | 0.000** |
| TI | DBQV | 0.386 | 0.149 | 0.422 | 0.386 | 7.646 | 58.458 | 0.000** |
| TI | DBL | 0.368 | 0.135 | 0.394 | 0.368 | 7.229 | 52.260 | 0.000** |
| STDs | DBE | 0.461 | 0.212 | 0.439 | 0.461 | 9.484 | 89.938 | 0.000** |
| DBA | DC | 0.541 | 0.292 | 0.444 | 0.541 | 11.745 | 137.944 | 0.000** |
| DBI | DC | 0.575 | 0.330 | 0.441 | 0.575 | 12.831 | 164.635 | 0.000** |
| DBQV | DC | 0.582 | 0.339 | 0.501 | 0.582 | 13.086 | 171.249 | 0.000** |
| DBL | DC | 0.602 | 0.363 | 0.528 | 0.602 | 13.785 | 190.038 | 0.000** |
| DBE | DC | 0.735 | 0.541 | 0.782 | 0.735 | 19.827 | 393.099 | 0.000** |
| AC | DC | 0.358 | 0.128 | 0.296 | 0.358 | 7.014 | 49.202 | 0.000** |
| TI | DC | 0.512 | 0.263 | 0.482 | 0.512 | 10.905 | 118.911 | 0.000** |
| STDs | DC | 0.513 | 0.263 | 0.520 | 0.513 | 10.908 | 118.988 | 0.000** |
Dimensions and sub-dimensions of smart tourism
| Dimensions | Sub-dimensions |
|---|---|
| Sustainability | Urban planning |
| Urban mobility | |
| City-wide electricity supply | |
| Attention to garbage collection across the city | |
| Protection of public structures | |
| Accessibility (for tourists with disabilities) | Accessibility |
| Public transport | |
| Accessibility to tourist attractions | |
| Information services | |
| Electronic appliances/facilities | |
| Technology | Access to Wi-Fi services throughout the city |
| Access to high-speed internet throughout the city | |
| Travel apps providing information to tourists | |
| Websites providing information to tourists | |
| Social media accounts providing information to tourists | |
| Innovation | Adaptation of local tourism organisations to innovation |
| Innovative projects to improve touristic goods and services | |
| Adaptation of tourism enterprises to innovative technologies, such as QR codes, NFC, and RFID | |
| Promotion of touristic goods and services | |
| Distinctiveness of tourism services compared to other tourist destinations |