Tourism Impact Dimensions, Residents’ Quality of Life and Support for Tourism in Hunza Valley, Pakistan

Variable	Category	Frequency	Percentage
Gender	Male	384	68.4
Gender	Female	177	31.6
Total	561	100.0
Age	Under 30	25	4.5
	31 – 45	187	33.3
	46 – 60	177	31.6
61 – 75	97	17.3
above 76	75	13.4
Total	561	100.0
Education	Below Matriculation	127	22.6
	Matriculation	87	15.5
	Intermediate	90	16.0
	Graduation	138	24.6
Masters	99	17.6
MS/M.Phil.	3	.5
Doctorate	17	3.0
Total	561	100.0
Occupation Status	Retired/agribusiness	59	10.5
	Businessman	109	19.4
	Govt. job	65	11.6
	Pvt. Job	204	36.4
Tourism business	112	20.0
Articrafts	12	2.1
Total	561	100.0
Monthly Income	20000 or less	186	33.2
	20001 – 40000	152	27.1
	40001 – 60000	84	15.0
	60001 – 80000	53	9.4
80001 – 100000	28	5.0
over 100000	58	10.3
Total	561	100.0
Overall	0%	70	12.5
Household	1% – 30%	405	72.2
Income from	31% – 60%	72	12.8
Tourism	61% – 90%	14	2.5
Total	561	100.0
Years of Residency in Hunza Valley	15 years or less	75	13.4
	16 – 30	323	57.6
	31 – 45	138	24.6
46 – 60	20	3.6
above 61	5	.9
Total	561	100.0

Table 2

Research Instrument.

Variable Name	Instrument Reference	No. of items	Scale
Economic Impact	Al-Saad et al., (2018); Kim, (2002); Kim et al., (2013).	8	1–5
Social Impact	Kim, (2002); Kim et al., (2013).	6	1–5
Cultural Impact	Kim, (2002); Kim et al., (2013); Mathew & Sreejesh, (2017).	7	1–5
Environmental Impact	Kim, (2002); Kim et al., (2013); Mathew & Sreejesh, (2017).	5	1–5
QOL	Kim, (2002); Kim et al., (2013); Mathew & Sreejesh, (2017).	22	1–5
Support for Tourism (SFT)	Nunkoo & So, (2016)	6	1–5
Demographic variables	Kim, (2002); Kim et al., (2013); Mathew & Sreejesh, (2017).	7	-

Table 3

Pearson Correlations for Multicollinearity.

	ECOI_AVG	SOCI_AVG	CULI_AVG	ENVI_AVG
ECOI_AVG	1	.615	.567	.014
SOCI_AVG	.615	1	.639	.052
CULI_AVG	.567	.639	1	.018
ENVI_AVG	.014	.052	.018	1

[i] Note: Indicate collinearity > 0.9 or above

Table 4

Multicollinearity table for Tolerance, VIF, and Condition index.

Construct	Tolerance	VIF	Condition index
ECOI_AVG	.349	2.864	7.111
SOCI_AVG	.474	2.109	9.469
CULI_AVG	.543	1.842	12.083
ENVI_AVG	.988	1.012	16.546

[i] Note: Indicate significance (tolerance>0.1, VIF<10, condition index < 30)

Table 5

Convergent Validity.

Variables	No. of items	AVE (%)	AVE
ECOI	8	50.369	0.7097
SOCI	6	59.700	0.7726
CULI	7	59.667	0.7724
ENVI	5	50.994	0.7141
QOL	22	53.363	0.7304
SFT	6	65.942	0.8120

Table 6

Discriminant Validity.

Variable	ECOI	SCOI	CULI	ENVI	QOL	SFT
ECOI	0.7097
SCOI	0.4038	0.7726
CULI	0.3636	0.4096	0.7724
ENVI	0.0004	0.000576	0.0004	0.7141
QOL	0.7039	0.4019	0.2862	0.0003	0.7304
SFT	0.664	0.2714	0.1892	0.000169	0.64	0.8120

[i] Note: Square root of AVE on the diagonal

Table 7

Correlation Analysis.

		QOL_AVG	SFT_AVG
ECOI_AVG	Pearson Correlation	.772^**	.660^**
ECOI_AVG	Sig. (2-tailed)	.000	.000
N	561	561
SOCI_AVG	Pearson Correlation	.593^**	.520^**
SOCI_AVG	Sig. (2-tailed)	.000	.000
N	561	561
CULI_AVG	Pearson Correlation	.501^**	.432^**
CULI_AVG	Sig. (2-tailed)	.000	.000
N	561	561
ENVI_AVG	Pearson Correlation	−.038^*	.051
ENVI_AVG	Sig. (2-tailed)	.365	.714
N	561	561
QOL_AVG	Pearson Correlation	-	.777^**
QOL_AVG	Sig. (2-tailed)	-	.000
N	-	561

* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 8

Regression weights for Direct Effect.

Predictors	Estimates	R²	Adjusted R²	F	t-value	Sig.	Results
QOL ← ECOI	.790	.595	.595	822.070	28.672	.000	Supported
QOL ← SCOI	.582	.352	.351	303.791	17.430	.000	Supported
QOL ← CULI	.482	.251	.250	187.726	13.701	.000	Supported
QOL ← ENVI	−0.05	.001	.000	.821	−.906	.365	Rejected
SFT ← QOL	.878	.603	849.932	29.154	.000	.603	Supported

[i] ECOI=economic impact, SCOI= social impact, CULI=cultural impact, ENVI=environmental impact, QOL=quality of life.

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ejthr-2021-0018 | Journal eISSN: 2182-4924 | Journal ISSN: 2182-4916

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Language: English

Page range: 195 - 209

Submitted on: Aug 4, 2020

Accepted on: Mar 9, 2020

Published on: Jun 29, 2022

Published by: Polytechnic Institute of Leiria

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

Keywords:

Tourism,

economic impact,

social impact,

cultural impact,

environmental impact,

quality of life,

quality of life domains,

support for tourism,

Hunza valley

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Business management,

Business management, other,

Industries,

Tourism, hospitality, travel,

Event industry, leisure industry,

Sports and recreation,

Sports and recreation, other

© 2022 Zaibunnisa Khan, Fazeelat Masood, Mubashir Ali Khan, published by Polytechnic Institute of Leiria
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 11 (2021): Issue 2 (December 2021)