Research Instrument_
| Variable Name | Instrument Reference | No. of items | Scale |
|---|---|---|---|
| Economic Impact | Al-Saad et al., (2018); Kim, (2002); Kim et al., (2013). | 8 | 1–5 |
| Social Impact | Kim, (2002); Kim et al., (2013). | 6 | 1–5 |
| Cultural Impact | Kim, (2002); Kim et al., (2013); Mathew & Sreejesh, (2017). | 7 | 1–5 |
| Environmental Impact | Kim, (2002); Kim et al., (2013); Mathew & Sreejesh, (2017). | 5 | 1–5 |
| QOL | Kim, (2002); Kim et al., (2013); Mathew & Sreejesh, (2017). | 22 | 1–5 |
| Support for Tourism (SFT) | Nunkoo & So, (2016) | 6 | 1–5 |
| Demographic variables | Kim, (2002); Kim et al., (2013); Mathew & Sreejesh, (2017). | 7 | - |
Multicollinearity table for Tolerance, VIF, and Condition index_
| Construct | Tolerance | VIF | Condition index |
|---|---|---|---|
| ECOI_AVG | .349 | 2.864 | 7.111 |
| SOCI_AVG | .474 | 2.109 | 9.469 |
| CULI_AVG | .543 | 1.842 | 12.083 |
| ENVI_AVG | .988 | 1.012 | 16.546 |
Discriminant Validity_
| Variable | ECOI | SCOI | CULI | ENVI | QOL | SFT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECOI | 0.7097 | |||||
| SCOI | 0.4038 | 0.7726 | ||||
| CULI | 0.3636 | 0.4096 | 0.7724 | |||
| ENVI | 0.0004 | 0.000576 | 0.0004 | 0.7141 | ||
| QOL | 0.7039 | 0.4019 | 0.2862 | 0.0003 | 0.7304 | |
| SFT | 0.664 | 0.2714 | 0.1892 | 0.000169 | 0.64 | 0.8120 |
Regression weights for Direct Effect_
| Predictors | Estimates | R2 | Adjusted R2 | F | t-value | Sig. | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QOL ← ECOI | .790 | .595 | .595 | 822.070 | 28.672 | .000 | Supported |
| QOL ← SCOI | .582 | .352 | .351 | 303.791 | 17.430 | .000 | Supported |
| QOL ← CULI | .482 | .251 | .250 | 187.726 | 13.701 | .000 | Supported |
| QOL ← ENVI | −0.05 | .001 | .000 | .821 | −.906 | .365 | Rejected |
| SFT ← QOL | .878 | .603 | 849.932 | 29.154 | .000 | .603 | Supported |
Respondents’ Profile_
| Variable | Category | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 384 | 68.4 |
| Female | 177 | 31.6 | |
| Total | 561 | 100.0 | |
| Age | Under 30 | 25 | 4.5 |
| 31 – 45 | 187 | 33.3 | |
| 46 – 60 | 177 | 31.6 | |
| 61 – 75 | 97 | 17.3 | |
| above 76 | 75 | 13.4 | |
| Total | 561 | 100.0 | |
| Education | Below Matriculation | 127 | 22.6 |
| Matriculation | 87 | 15.5 | |
| Intermediate | 90 | 16.0 | |
| Graduation | 138 | 24.6 | |
| Masters | 99 | 17.6 | |
| MS/M.Phil. | 3 | .5 | |
| Doctorate | 17 | 3.0 | |
| Total | 561 | 100.0 | |
| Occupation Status | Retired/agribusiness | 59 | 10.5 |
| Businessman | 109 | 19.4 | |
| Govt. job | 65 | 11.6 | |
| Pvt. Job | 204 | 36.4 | |
| Tourism business | 112 | 20.0 | |
| Articrafts | 12 | 2.1 | |
| Total | 561 | 100.0 | |
| Monthly Income | 20000 or less | 186 | 33.2 |
| 20001 – 40000 | 152 | 27.1 | |
| 40001 – 60000 | 84 | 15.0 | |
| 60001 – 80000 | 53 | 9.4 | |
| 80001 – 100000 | 28 | 5.0 | |
| over 100000 | 58 | 10.3 | |
| Total | 561 | 100.0 | |
| Overall | 0% | 70 | 12.5 |
| Household | 1% – 30% | 405 | 72.2 |
| Income from | 31% – 60% | 72 | 12.8 |
| Tourism | 61% – 90% | 14 | 2.5 |
| Total | 561 | 100.0 | |
| Years of Residency in Hunza Valley | 15 years or less | 75 | 13.4 |
| 16 – 30 | 323 | 57.6 | |
| 31 – 45 | 138 | 24.6 | |
| 46 – 60 | 20 | 3.6 | |
| above 61 | 5 | .9 | |
| Total | 561 | 100.0 | |
Convergent Validity_
| Variables | No. of items | AVE (%) | AVE |
|---|---|---|---|
| ECOI | 8 | 50.369 | 0.7097 |
| SOCI | 6 | 59.700 | 0.7726 |
| CULI | 7 | 59.667 | 0.7724 |
| ENVI | 5 | 50.994 | 0.7141 |
| QOL | 22 | 53.363 | 0.7304 |
| SFT | 6 | 65.942 | 0.8120 |
Correlation Analysis_
| QOL_AVG | SFT_AVG | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| ECOI_AVG | Pearson Correlation | .772** | .660** |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | |
| N | 561 | 561 | |
| SOCI_AVG | Pearson Correlation | .593** | .520** |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | |
| N | 561 | 561 | |
| CULI_AVG | Pearson Correlation | .501** | .432** |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | |
| N | 561 | 561 | |
| ENVI_AVG | Pearson Correlation | −.038* | .051 |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .365 | .714 | |
| N | 561 | 561 | |
| QOL_AVG | Pearson Correlation | - | .777** |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | - | .000 | |
| N | - | 561 | |
Pearson Correlations for Multicollinearity_
| ECOI_AVG | SOCI_AVG | CULI_AVG | ENVI_AVG | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECOI_AVG | 1 | .615 | .567 | .014 |
| SOCI_AVG | .615 | 1 | .639 | .052 |
| CULI_AVG | .567 | .639 | 1 | .018 |
| ENVI_AVG | .014 | .052 | .018 | 1 |