Unrevealing the impact of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on cucumber seed vigour and surface disinfection

Atmaca, Bahar; Akdemir Evrendilek, Gulsun; Bulut, Nurullah; Uzuner, Sibel

doi:10.2478/ebtj-2021-0027

Figures & Tables

Impact of PEF treatment on germination ability of cucumber seeds.

Impact of PEF treatment on root formations of cucumber seeds.

Inactivation of cucumber seed endogenous microflora treated by PEF a) total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB) and b) total mold and yeast (TMY).

Germination rate (%) of the control and PEF-treated cucumber seed samples

Energy (J)	Germination rate (%)
Energy (J)	2.day	3.day	4.day
0.00	90.00 ± 0.00^bB	91.11 ± 1.92^cB	93.33 ± 0.00^cA
1.07	95.56 ± 1.92^aA	95.56 ± 1.92^bA	96.67 ± 0.00^bA
1.36	93.33 ± 1.33^aB	96.67 ± 3.33^abA	98.89 ± 1.92^abA
1.92	95.56 ± 1.92^Aa	96.67 ± 3.33^abA	98.89 ± 1.92^abA
2.16	98.89 ± 1.92^aA	98.89 ± 1.92^abA	100.00 ± 0.00^aA
3.21	95.33 ± 1.33^aA	100.00 ± 0.00^aA	100.00 ± 0.00^aA
4.08	96.67 ± 1.33^aB	100.00 ± 0.00^aA	100.00 ± 0.00^aA
5.35	96.67 ± 1.33^aB	96.67 ± 0.00^bB	100.00 ± 0.00^aA
5.76	95.56 ± 4.09^aA	98.89 ± 1.92^abA	100.00 ± 0.00^aA
6.48	93.33 ± 3.33^aA	94.44 ± 1.92^bA	97.78 ± 1.92^abA
6.80	96.67 ± 1.33^aA	96.67 ± 1.33^bA	98.89 ± 1.92^abA
8.55	95.56 ± 1.92^aB	95.56 ± 1.92^bB	100.00 ± 0.00^aA
9.60	93.33 ± 0.00^aC	96.67 ± 0.00^bB	100.00 ± 0.00^aA
10.80	96.67 ± 1.33^aB	97.78 ± 1.92^bB	100.00 ± 0.00^aA
10.89	95.56 ± 1.92^aB	96.67 ± 0.00^bB	100.00 ± 0.00^aA
15.36	96.67 ± 0.00^ab	96.67 ± 0.00^bB	100.00 ± 0.00^aA
17.28	98.89 ± 1.92^aB	97.78 ± 1.92^bB	100.00 ± 0.00^aA

Normal seedling rate (%) of the control and PEF-treated cucumber seed samples

Energy (J)	Normal seedling rate (%)
0.00	72.62 ± 2.06^d
1.07	75.86 ± 0.00^c
1.36	89.81 ± 6.11^b
1.92	96.63 ± 0.47^a
2.16	95.18 ± 1.92^a
3.21	86.67 ± 2.00^b
4.08	86.67 ± 6.67^b
5.35	85.56 ± 5.09^b
5.76	92.22 ± 3.85^ab
6.48	94.37 ± 3.78^ab
6.80	83.14 ± 6.67^b
8.55	85.56 ± 6.94^b
9.60	93.33 ± 3.33^ab
10.80	92.22 ± 5.09^ab
10.89	83.33 ± 5.77^b
15.36	91.11 ± 5.09^ab
17.28	95.56 ± 1.92^a

Best-fit non-linear regression models for the response variables of cucumber seed samples_

Response variable	Goal	Model	R² (%)	R²_pred (%)	SE	p	DW
2^nd day germination (%)	Max	90.64+0.03362X₁	21.26	16.20	2.94	0.001	1.949
3^rd day germination (%)	Max	91.15+0.0876X₁-0.000303 X₁*X₁	31.14	22.38	2.22	0.008	1.578
4^rd day germination (%)	Max	93.379+0.0735X₁+0.1887X₂-0.000246 X₁* X₁	65.63	60.94	1.14	0.005	1.499
Normal seedling rate (%)	Max	75.53+0.000623X₁*X₁	58.89	55.83	5.05	0.000	1.596
Cold test 24 °C- 5 day (%)	Max	68.89+0.1715X₁-0.000000X₁X₁X₁X₁+ 0.000007X₁X₃X₃X₃	43.72	33.18	4.96	0.047	1.215
EC- 4 h (μS cm^-1g^-1)	Target (7.30)	7.335+0.000054X₃X₃X₃X₃-0.000000X₁X₁X₁X₂	35.59	28.36	0.88	0.000	1.754
TAMB (log cfu mL^-1)	Min	6.026-0.01320X₁-0.000031X₃X₃X₃X₃+0.000000X₁ X₁X₁X₃	55.42	48.86	0.52	0.001	1.233
TMY (log cfu mL^-1)	Min	9.4140-0.01034X₁+0.000000 X₁X₁X₁X₁-0.000005 X₃X₃X₃X₃	71.93	68.17	0.17	0.000	1.578
8^th day (200mM NaCI)(%)	Max	-0.000000+0.000043X₁-0.000001X₁X₁X₁+ 0.1300X₃X₃X₃+ 0.000093X₁X₃X₃-0.005486X₁X₃X₃+0.0 00063X₁X₂X-0.003200 X₃X₂X+0.000000X₁X₁X₁X+ 0.02446X₃X₃X₃X-0.000001X₁X₁X₁X+ ₂₂₁₃₃0.000034X₁X₁X₃X₃+0.000003X₁X₂X₃X₃-0.000783X₁X₃X₃X₃-0.₁035X₂X₃X₃X₃+ 0.02328X₃X₃X₂X₂-0.004283X₃X₂X₂*X₂	100	100	0.00	*	*
9^th day (200mM NaCI)(%)	Max	-0.000000+0.000043X₁-0.000001X₁X₁X₁+ 0.1300X₃X₃X₃+0.000093X₁X₁X₃-0.005486X₁X₃X₃+ 0.00006X₁X₃X-0.003200X₃X₂X+ 0.00000022X₁X₁X₁X+0.02446X₃X₃X₃X-0.00000X₁X_3321311 X₁X₃+0.000034X₁X₁X₃X₃+0.000003X₁X₂X₃X₃-0.000783X₁X₃X₃X₃-0.1035X₂X₃X₃X₃+ 0.02328X₃X₃X₂X₂-0.004283 X₃X₂X₂*X₂	100	100	0.00	*	*
10^th day (100mM NaCI) (%)	Max	8.316+0.10445X₁-₁6.635X₂-0.24945X₁X₃+ 0.01730X₁X₂+ 19.458X₂X₃+0.6244X₂X₂- 0.024510X₁X₃X₂-2.570X₂X₂X₃-0.16956X₂X₃X₃-0.04402X₂X₂X₂X₂+0.000006X₁X₁X₁X₁ +0.002509X₁X₂X₃X₂+0.13530 X₂X₂X₂X₃	99.97	99.95	0.18	0.000	1.122
10^th day (₂00mM NaCI)(%)	Max	0.000-3.313X₂-0.000397X₁X₁+ 0.2139X₁X₃ +0.3253X₃X₃X₃-0.000749X₁X₁X₃+ 0.004663X₂X₂X₂- 0.05417X₁X₃X₃-0.00806₂X₃X₃X₃X₃+ 0.000196X₁X₁X₃X₃-0.00494X₂X₃X₃*X₃	99.53	99.30	0.86	0.000	1.039
11^th day (100mM NaCI) (%)	Max	8.310-0.04121X₁+3.9408X₂X₂-0.001377X₁X₁X₃-0.013595X₁X₃X₃- 0.06285X₂X₂X₂X₂+0.000008X₁X₁X ₁X₃+0.000050X₁X₁X₃X₃+0.012250 X₂X₂X₃*X₂	99.52	99.41	1.50	0.000	1.099
11^th day (₂00mM NaCI)(%)	Max	-1.310+0.009838X₁X₂X₂-0.019665X₁X₃X₃+0.000106 X₁X₁X₃*X₃	97.06	96.76	3.78	0.000	1.000
12^th day (100mM NaCI) (%)	Max	8.55-0.0908X₁+0.1832X₁X₂-0.002519X₁X₁X₃-0.00435X₂X₂X₂X₂+0.000012X₁X₁X₁*X₃	94.54	93.18	5.28	0.000	0.673
12^th day (₂00mM NaCI)(%)	Max	-0.39+0.1158 X₁+0.009501X₁X₂X₂-0.02382X₁X₃X₃-0.001925X₃X₃X₃X₃-0.000002X₁X₁X₁X₃+0.000169 X₁X₁X₃*X₃	96.54	95.66	4.96	0.000	0.869
13^th day (100mM NaCI) (%)	Max	23.61-0.1593X₁+1.699X₂X₂+0.1132X₁X₂-0.002365X₁X₁X₃-0.01960 X₂X₂X₂X₂+0.000012 X₁X₁X₁X₃	91.66	88.83	7.60	0.021	0.905
13^th day (200(%) mM NaCI)	Max	5.32+0.615X₂X₂-0.1553X₃X₃X₃+ 0.000913X₁X₃X₃X₃	57.29	53.13	17.93	0.011	0.790

Three best solutions for the joint optimization of the 18 responses (R) as a function of the PEF treatments for cucumber seeds with the composite desirabilities of 0_868, 0_432 and 0_416_

Solution	Response variable	The three best solutions
Solution	Response variable	1	2	3
1	2^nd day germination (%)	96.692	95.795	95.752
2	3^rd day germination (%)	97.104	97.461	97.468
3	4^th day germination (%)	100.136	99.879	99.957
4	Normal seedling (%) rate	95.724	90.181	89.940
5	Cold test 24 °C-5 day (%)	86.611	85.060	85.174
6	Electrical conductivity-4 h (μS cm^-1g^-1)	8.050	4.788	4.850
7	TAMB (log cfu/g)	3.335	4.002	4.020
8	TMY (log cfu/g)	8.168	8.374	8.369
9	8^th day (200mM NaCI) (%)	8.333	3.705	2.995
10	9^th day (200mM NaCI) (%)	8.333	3.705	2.995
11	10^th day (100mM NaCI)(%)	33.322	15.469	0.743
12	10^th day (200mM NaCI)(%)	41.715	1.849	7.273
13	11^th day (100mM NaCI)(%)	74.977	63.537	63.512
14	11^th day (200mM NaCI)(%)	85.361	43.076	49.439
15	12^th day (100mM NaCI)(%)	78.818	143.255	151.728
16	12^th day (200mM NaCI)(%)	101.526	60.239	66.096
17	13^th day (100mM NaCI)(%)	89.275	126.314	134.443
18	13^th day (200mM NaCI)(%)	91.636	23.407	26.173

Changes in electrical conductivity (μS cm-1g-1) of the control and PEF-treated cucumber seed samples

Energy (J)	Electrical conductivity (μS cm-1g-1)
Energy (J)	4 hour	8 hour	24 hour
0.00	7.29±0.79^abcA	8.06±0.67^aAB	9.65±0.58^abA
1.07	7.17±0.76^abcB	8.22±0.17^aB	9.82±0.14^abA
1.36	5.92±1.82^abcB	8.65±0.62^aA	9.02±0.57^bA
1.92	6.48±1.06^abcC	8.79±0.56^aB	9.74±0.57^abA
2.16	7.44±0.18^abcC	9.07±0.50^aB	10.17±0.05^abA
3.21	7.56±0.21^abcC	8.75±0.27^aB	9.62±0.37^abA
4.08	6.91±0.21^abcB	8.45±0.84^aAB	9.73±0.64^abA
5.35	7.24±0.32^abcB	8.35±1.34^aB	10.19±0.43^abA
5.76	6.42±0.07^abcC	8.84±0.23^aB	10.33±0.08^abA
6.48	5.57±0.40^bcC	8.56±0.18^aB	9.55±0.29^abA
6.80	6.17±0.66^abcC	7.85±0.39^aB	8.98±0.47^bA
8.55	6.28±0.69^abcB	8.36±0.21^aA	9.09±0.56^bA
9.60	6.07±1.72^abcC	8.93±0.46^aB	10.41±0.73^abA
10.80	5.87±0.11^abcC	7.98±0.49^aB	9.47±0.30^abA
10.89	5.43±0.29^cC	7.65±1.38^aB	9.74±1.04^abA
15.36	7.75±0.08^abcC	8.88±0.07^aB	9.85±0.67^abA
17.28	7.94±0.79^abC	9.18±0.28^aB	10.61±0.15^aA

Germination rate (%) of the control and PEF-treated cucumber seed samples under 100 mM NaCl salt stress

Energy (J)	Germination rate (%)
Energy (J)	8. day	9. day	10. day	11. day	12. day	13. day
0	0.00 ± 0.00^aB	0.00 ± 0.00^cB	0.00 ± 0.00^eB	0.00 ± 0.00^gB	0.00 ± 0.00^gB	3.33 ± 0.30^hA
1.07	0.00 ± 0.00^aA	0.00 ± 0.00^cA	0.00 ± 0.00^eA	0.00 ± 0.00^gA	0.00 ± 0.00^gA	8.33 ± 0.00^Ga
1.36	0.00 ± 0.00^aB	0.00 ± 0.00^cB	0.00 ± 0.00^eB	0.00 ± 0.00^gB	0.00 ± 0.00^gB	16.67 ± 0.30^fA
1.92	0.00 ± 0.00^aB	0.00 ± 0.00^cB	0.00 ± 0.00^eB	0.00 ± 0.00^gB	0.00 ± 0.00^gB	16.67 ± 0.30^fA
2.16	0.00 ± 0.00^aB	0.00 ± 0.00^cB	8.33 ± 0.00^dA	8.33 ± 0.00^fA	8.33 ± 0.00^fA	8.33 ± 0.00^gA
3.21	0.00 ± 0.00aE	0.00 ± 0.00^cE	8.33 ± 0.00^dD	16.67 ± 0.30^eC	25.00 ± 0.00^dB	33.33 ± 0.00^dA
4.08	0.00 ± 0.00^aB	0.00 ± 0.00^cB	0.00 ± 0.00^eB	0.00 ± 0.00^gB	0.00 ± 0.00^gB	16.67 ± 0.30^fA
5.35	0.00 ± 0.00^aE	16.67 ± 0.00^aD	25.00 ± 0.30^bC	33.33 ± 0.00^cB	33.33 ± 0.30^cB	41.67 ± 0.40^cA
5.76	0.00 ± 0.00^aB	0.00 ± 0.00^cB	0.00 ± 0.00^eB	0.00 ± 0.00^gB	0.00 ± 0.00^gB	8.33 ± 0.00^gA
6.48	0.00 ± 0.00^aD	16.67 ± 0.00^aC	16.67 ± 0.30^cC	25.00 ± 0.00^dB	33.33 ± 0.30^cA	33.33 ± 0.00^dA
6.80	0.00 ± 0.00^aD	8.33 ± 0.00^bC	8.33 ± 0.30^dC	16.67 ± 0.00^eB	16.67 ± 0.00^eB	25.00 ± 0.00^eA
8.55	0.00 ± 0.00^aD	0.00 ± 0.00^cD	8.33 ± 0.00^dC	25.00 ± 0.00^dB	25.00 ± 0.00^dB	33.33 ± 0.00^dA
9.60	0.00 ± 0.00^aB	0.00 ± 0.00^cB	0.00 ± 0.00^eB	0.00 ± 0.00^gB	0.00 ± 0.00^gB	16.67 ± 0.30^fA
10.80	0.00 ± 0.00^aA	0.00 ± 0.00^cA	16.67 ± 0.00^cD	41.67 ± 0.40^bC	58.33 ± 0.00^bB	75.00 ± 0.30^bA
10.89	0.00 ± 0.00^aC	0.00 ± 0.00^cC	8.33 ± 0.00^dB	8.33 ± 0.00^fB	16.67 ± 0.20^eA	16.67 ± 0.00^fA
15.36	0.00 ± 0.00^aC	0.00 ± 0.00^cC	0.00 ± 0.00^eC	0.00 ± 0.00^gC	8.33 ± 0.00^fB	16.67 ± 0.30^fA
17.28	0.00 ± 0.00^aD	0.00 ± 0.00^cD	33.33 ± 0.00^aC	75.00 ± 0.00^aB	75.00 ± 0.00^aB	83.33 ± 0.00^aA

Germination rate (%) of the control and PEF-treated cucumber seed samples under 200 mM NaCl salt stress

Energy (J)	Germination rate (%)
Energy (J)	8. day	9. day	10. day	11. day	12. day	13. day
0	0.00 ± 0.00^bB	0.00 ± 0.00^bB	0.00 ± 0.00^dB	0.00 ± 0.00^dB	0.00 ± 0.00^eB	8.33 ± 0.60^eA
1.07	0.00 ± 0.00^bB	0.00 ± 0.00^bB	0.00 ± 0.00^dB	0.00 ± 0.00^dB	8.33 ± 0.60^dA	8.33 ± 0.60^eA
1.36	0.00 ± 0.00^bB	0.00 ± 0.00^bB	0.00 ± 0.00^dB	0.00 ± 0.00^dB	0.00 ± 0.00^eB	8.33 ± 0.60^eA
1.92	0.00 ± 0.00^bC	0.00 ± 0.00^bC	0.00 ± 0.00^dC	0.00 ± 0.00^dC	16.67 ± 0.00^cB	25.00 ± 0.00^cA
2.16	0.00 ± 0.00^bB	0.00 ± 0.00^bB	0.00 ± 0.00^dB	0.00 ± 0.00^dB	0.00 ± 0.00^eB	8.33 ± 0.60^eA
3.21	0.00 ± 0.00^bB	0.00 ± 0.00^bB	0.00 ± 0.00^dB	0.00 ± 0.00^dB	8.33 ± 0.60^dA	8.33 ± 0.60^eA
4.08	0.00 ± 0.00^bB	0.00 ± 0.00^bB	0.00 ± 0.00^dB	0.00 ± 0.00^dB	8.33 ± 0.60^dA	8.33 ± 0.60^eA
5.35	0.00 ± 0.00^bC	0.00 ± 0.00^bC	0.00 ± 0.00^dC	0.00 ± 0.00^dC	8.33 ± 0.60^dB	16.67 ± 0.00^dA
5.76	0.00 ± 0.00^bB	0.00 ± 0.00^bB	0.00 ± 0.00^dB	0.00 ± 0.00^dB	0.00 ± 0.00^eB	8.33 ± 0.60^eA
6.48	0.00 ± 0.00^bB	0.00 ± 0.00^bB	0.00 ± 0.00^dB	0.00 ± 0.00^dB	0.00 ± 0.00^eB	8.33 ± 0.60^eA
6.80	0.00 ± 0.00^bA	0.00 ± 0.00^bA	0.00 ± 0.00^dA	0.00 ± 0.00^dA	0.00 ± 0.00^eA	8.33 ± 0.60^eA
8.55	0.00 ± 0.00^bD	0.00 ± 0.00^bD	8.33 ± 0.60^cC	8.33 ± 0.00^cB	8.33 ± 0.60^dB	16.67 ± 0.00^dA
9.60	0.00 ± 0.00^bD	0.00 ± 0.00^bD	0.00 ± 0.00^dD	8.33 ± 0.00^cC	16.67 ± 0.00^cB	66.67 ± 0.00^bA
10.80	0.00 ± 0.00^bE	0.00 ± 0.00^bE	25.00 ± 0.50^bD	41.67 ± 0.00^bC	50.00 ± 0.60^bB	66.67 ± 0.00^bA
10.89	0.00 ± 0.00^bB	0.00 ± 0.00^bB	8.33 ± 0.00^cA	8.33 ± 0.00^cA	8.33 ± 0.60^dA	8.33 ± 0.00^eA
15.36	0.00 ± 0.00^bD	0.00 ± 0.00^bD	8.33 ± 0.00^cC	8.33 ± 0.00^cC	16.67 ± 0.00^cB	66.67 ± 0.00^bA
17.28	8.33 ± 0.00^aD	8.33 ± 0.00^aD	41.67 ± 0.00^aC	83.33 ± 0.70^aB	100.00 ± 0.00^aA	100.00 ± 0.90^aA

Unrevealing the impact of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on cucumber seed vigour and surface disinfection

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Germination rate (%) of the control and PEF-treated cucumber seed samples

Normal seedling rate (%) of the control and PEF-treated cucumber seed samples

Best-fit non-linear regression models for the response variables of cucumber seed samples_

Three best solutions for the joint optimization of the 18 responses (R) as a function of the PEF treatments for cucumber seeds with the composite desirabilities of 0_868, 0_432 and 0_416_

Changes in electrical conductivity (μS cm-1g-1) of the control and PEF-treated cucumber seed samples

Germination rate (%) of the control and PEF-treated cucumber seed samples under 100 mM NaCl salt stress

Germination rate (%) of the control and PEF-treated cucumber seed samples under 200 mM NaCl salt stress

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