The Association Between Serum Carnitine Level, Glucose Regulation, Body Fat and Nutrient Intake in Diabetic Individuals

	Male				Female
	Patients (n:16)		Healthy (n:16)		Patients (n:16)		Healthy (n:16)
	X̅ ±SD	Med±IQR	X̅ ±SD	Med±IQR	X̅ ±SD	Med±IQR	X̅ ±SD	Med±IQR
Age (yıl)	47,4±8,06	49,5±9,25	47,9±7,37	50,0±6,25	44,2±6,65	46,5±4,50	41,3±7,45	40,5±11,75
		Z=-0,076	p=0,940			Z=-1,304	p=0,192
Body (kg) weight	79,1±13,84	78,4±17,13	84,3±11,82	82,9±16,20	83,5±11,84	79,5±17,13	85,5±15,24	85,2±19,53
		t=-1,140	p=0,263			t=-0,414	p=0,681
BMI (kg/m²)	27,9±4,25	27,4±6,04	27,9±3,70	27,4±4,46	34,8±5,21	33,9±8,18	34,0±5,96	33,1±7,94
		t=-0,010	p=0,992			t=0,389	p=0,700
Body centage fat per- (%)	25,9±5,35	25,3±10,53	27,7±6,58	27,3±6,65	41,9±4,04	41,7±7,80	42,4±5,82	43,0±7,28
		t=-0,834	p=0,411			t=-0,275	p=0,785
Body (fat kg) mass	21,1±7,69	19,3±12,92	23,9±8,55	23,5±8,47	35,4±8,19	32,87±14,57	37,0±11,23	36,91±10,62
		t=-0,951	p=0,349			t=-0,465	p=0,646

[i] Independent sample t-test was used to compare two independent groups in the data with normal distribution, and the mean and standard deviation were used. The "Mann-Whitney U" test was used to compare two independent groups in the data with no normal distribution and is shown by the median ± IQR.

Table 2

Individuals' serum carnitine, biochemical parameters and HOMA-IR values

	Male				Female
	Patients (n:16)		Healthy (n:16)		Patients (n:16)		Healthy (n:16)
Parameters	X̅ ±SD	Med±IQR	X̅ ±SD	Med±IQR	X̅ ±SD	Med±IQR	X̅ ±SD	Med±IQR
Serum glucose (mg/dL)	143,2±48,30	125,5±48,25	85,6±10,97	82,5±16,25	162,3±71,19	137,5±88,50	84,1±7,55	83,5±12,00
		Z=-4,523	p=0,000**			Z=-4,638	p=0,000**
Serum insulin (mU/ L)	14,6±8,21	13,7±13,40	8,4±3,87	8,2±5,28	18,2±9,04	16,7±12,91	6,7±2,67	5,9±3,23
		t=2,734	p=0,012*			Z=-4,372	p=0,000**
Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL)	193,8±24,67	193,1±45,08	152,7±31,51	154,5±48,00	191,2±66,55	186,6±74,18	155,1±25,60	156,0±30,75
		t=4,104	p=0,000**			t=2,028	p=0,057
Serum LDL-dL) C (mg/	119,6±20,21	117,8±29,25	109,8±25,26	109,5±39,75	121,7±42,46	116,2±55,55	106,9±17,87	105,0±20,75
		t=1,210	p=0,236			t=1,285	p=0,213
Serum HDL-C (mg/ dL)	40,0±7,33	39,6±10,60	32,2±6,91	31,9±11,85	48,1±12,28	47,4±18,90	38,4±8,23	37,2±10,33
		t=3,116	p=0,004**			t=2,620	p=0,014*
Serum VLDL-C (mg/ dL)	34,2±10,78	33,1±14,45	19,4±6,53	20,0±9,00	36,9±19,46	33,1±38,61	18,2±10,34	14,0±7,25
		t=4,691	p=0,000**			Z=-3,209	p=0,001**
Serum triglycerides (mg/ dL)	171,0±53,88	165,9±72,15	96,7±33,07	99,1±46,43	193,1±117,87	165,5±193,05	91,2±51,83	70,8±36,08
		t=4,701	p=0,000**			Z=-3,128	p=0,002**
HOMA-IR	5,2±3,33	4,2±5,32	1,8±0,91	1,7±1,53	7,0±3,62	6,7±6,83	1,4±0,66	1,2±0,76
		t=3,911	p=0,001**			Z=-4,711	p=0,000**
Serum carnitine (nmol/ mL)	51,6±12,08	50,6±20,83	68,1±26,57	59,5±17,25	56,9±10,91+	59,7±12,65+	66,7±23,23	62,3±15,43
		Z=-2,450	p=0,014*			Z=-1,319	p=0,187

[i] *p<0,05, **p<0,01. Independent sample t-test was used to compare two independent groups in the data with normal distribution, and the mean and standard deviation were used. The "Mann-Whitney U" test was used to compare two independent groups in the data with no normal distribution and is shown by the median ± IQR. LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, VLDL- C: Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.

+: one of the blood samples is not included in the analysis because it is hemolysis.

Table 3

The amount of daily dietary energy and nutrients intake

	Male				Female
	Patients (n:16)		Healthy (n:16)		Patients (n:16)		Healthy (n:16)
Energy nutrients and	X̅ ±SD	Med ±IQR	X̅ ±SD	Med±IQR	X̅ ±SD	Med±IQR	X̅ ±SD	Med±IQR
Energy (kkal)	1957 ±455,25	1843±742,11	2832±524,52	2815±584,60	1563±395,75	1557±367,31	2341±623,61	2246±924,82
		t=-5,040	p=0,000**			Z=-3,731	p=0,000**
Carbohydrate (g)	221,8±59,63	207,4±66,05	394,8±96,21	387,8±53,82	155,6±44,48	149,0±45,48	328,5±104,81	346,3±144,56
		t=-6,113	p=0,000**			Z=-4,221	p=0,000**
Carbohydrate (%)	46,7±8,43	49,0±15,75	56,7±5,70	57,0±8,50	40,8±3,89	40,0±4,75	56,8±8,00	60,0±10,75
		t=-3,932	p=0,001**			t=-7,195	p=0,000**
Fiber (g)	26,9±10,97	26,7±12,74	36,2±11,89	34,4±12,39	19,3±6,37	17,9±11,86	29,3±7,84	29,6±8,38
		t=-2,308	p=0,028*			t=-3,986	p=0,000**
Protein (g)	63,8±19,20	57,5±19,21	91,0±23,98	94,7±36,79	49,5±19,63	46,3±16,66	62,9±18,57	58,9±30,28
		t=-3,539	p=0,001**			Z=-2,337	p=0,019*
Animal (g) protein	30,5±14,20	28,6±15,89	36,3±16,58	30,1±27,82	24,3±18,50	20,5±16,65	17,3±11,36	14,5±10,29
		Z=-0,942	p=0,346			Z=-1,357	p=0,175
Total fat (g)	88,4±30,40	82,3±50,65	94,3±16,79	95,3±28,49	80,8±21,24	82,9±34,84	83,5±28,09	79,4±38,36
		t=-0,686	p=0,500			t=-0,316	p=0,754
PUFA (g)	20,7±12,20	17,2±20,04	17,3±6,70	16,7±12,40	20,3±8,96	20,5±15,52	15,5±14,99	15,5±18,90
		t=0,952	p=0,350			Z=-1,131	p=0,258
n-3 (g)	1,8±1,02	1,5±1,75	2,2±0,95	1,9±1,37	1,6±1,16	1,4±0,97	1,8±1,12	1,1±2,05
		Z=-1,357	p=0,175			Z=-0,094	p=0,925
n-6 (g)	18,7±11,69	15,9±18,61	15,1±6,66	13,7±10,70	18,6±8,68	18,9±13,93	16,4±14,40	12,9±18,75
		t=1,093	p=0,285			Z=-1,244	p=0,214

[i] *p<0,05, **p<0,01. Independent sample t-test was used to compare two independent groups in the data with normal distribution, and the mean and standard deviation were used. The "Mann-Whitney U" test was used to compare two independent groups in the data with no normal distribution and is shown by the median ± IQR. PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3: omega-3 fatty acids, n-6: omega-6 fatty acids

Table 4

Relationship between serum carnitine levels and some parameters in individuals

	Male				Female
	Patients (n:16)		Healthy (n:16)		Patients (n:16)		Healthy (n:16)
Parameters	r	p	r	p	r	p	r	p
Dietary intake energy (kkal)	-0,406	0,119	-0,144	0,594	0,021	0,940	-0,291	0,274
Dietary carbohydrate intake (g)	-0,496	0,051	-0,138	0,610	0,013	0,961	-0,338	0,200
Carbohydrate percentage (%)	-0,121	0,657	-0,102	0,707	0,069	0,800	0,112	0,679
Dietary intake fiber (g)	-0,411	0,114	0,144	0,594	0,451	0,079	-0,503	0,047*
Dietary intake protein (g)	0,075	0,782	-0,121	0,656	0,175	0,120	-0,374	0,154
Dietary animal protein intake (g)	0,113	0,676	-0,018	0,948	-0,037	0,892	0,006	0,983
Dietary intake total (g) fat	-0,267	0,317	0,026	0,922	0,115	0,670	-0,435	0,092
Dietary intake PUFA (g)	-0,187	0,489	0,691	0,003**	-0,389	0,137	-0,044	0,871
Dietary intake n-(g) 3	-0,006	0,983	0,341	0,196	0,034	0,901	-0,242	0,367
Dietary intake n-6 (g)	-0,385	0,141	0,706	0,002**	-0,262	0,327	-0,274	0,305
Serum (mg/glucose dL)	-0,121	0,656	-0,345	0,191	0,063	0,816	-0,344	0,192
Serum (mU/insulin L)	-0,161	0,553	-0,144	0,594	-0,080	0,770	-0,374	0,154
HOMA-IR	-0,201	0,455	-0,174	0,520	0,005	0,985	-0,450	0,080
Body (kg) weight	0,110	0,686	-0,115	0,672	-0,205	0,446	-0,676	0,004**
BMI (kg/m²)	0,068	0,801	-0,418	0,107	-0,015	0,956	-0,632	0,009**
Body centage fat per- (%)	-0,131	0,628	-0,032	0,905	-0,154	0,570	-0,424	0,102
Body (fat kg) mass	-0,005	0,984	-0,094	0,729	-0,211	0,432	-0,526	0,036*

[i] *p<0,05, **p<0,01. Quantitative evaluation of the relationship of two data in the normal distribution with "Pearson", the data are not normally distributed "Spearman" is used in the correlation coefficient. PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3: omega-3 fatty acids, n-6: omega-6 fatty acids, HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insülin resistance, BMI: body mass index.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ebtj-2021-0013 | Journal eISSN: 2564-615X

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Language: English

Page range: 92 - 99

Published on: Apr 22, 2021

Published by: European Biotechnology Thematic Network Association

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© 2021 Şehriban Duyar Özer, Makbule Gezmen Karadağ, published by European Biotechnology Thematic Network Association
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 5 (2021): Issue 2 (April 2021)