Figure 1
Figure 2
Novel Nano-Theranostics (Section 3_0)
| Theranostic Nanocarriers (Section 3.0) | |||||
| # | Type | Material | Novel Physiochemical Properties | Novel Theranostic Applications | Ref |
| 1 | Liposomes | Phospholipid bilayer | - Bypass toxicity of potent anti-cancer and MRI contrast agent | - Efficient pancreatic cancer therapy - Systemic MRI tracking | 52, 53 |
| 2 | Lipid Micelle | DOPE, DC-Cholesterol | -Co-delivery of DNA, DOX, and manganese | -Enhanced accumulation in lungs, Ideal for lung cancer theranostics | 54 |
| 3 | Leukosome | Biomimetic lipid Bilayer | - Functionalized surface with atherosclerotic biomarkers for enhanced targeted co-delivery | - Track delivery of anti-inflammatory agents to atherosclerotic plaques - Early diagnosis of conditions | 55 |
| 4 | Micelles | Block copolymers w/ chitosan | - protects Biodegradable and controls chitosan release matrix of its payload | - Magnetofection driven gene therapy - efficient bypassing of the BBB | 56-58 |
| 5 | AuNPs | Au | - AuNPs are PA contrast agents, induction causes thermoelastic expansion | - Diagnose of cardiovascular related heart and brain symptomatic profile - Ultrasonic induced opening of BBB | 60 |
| Novel Theranostic Tumor Ablation Therapies (Section 3.1) | |||||
| # | Nano-Theranostic | Formulation | Ablation Therapy & Stimulus | Anti-Cancer Activity | |
| 6 | NCs w/ radiosensitive metal nanoenhancers | - Radiotherapy, stimulated via gamma or X rays | - Oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest, or inhibit DNA repair | 61 | |
| 7 | NCs w/ magnetic superparamagnetic Iron Oxide NPs | - Hyperthermic, stimulated via exposure to alternating magnetic field | - High heat produced by quick alternation frequency of the magnetic NPs magnetic moments | 62, 63 | |
| 6 | Photosensitive melanin loaded PEGylated liposomes | - Photothermal, stimulated via exposure to 808nm NIR light | - In vivo photoacoustic imaging & MRI guided photothermal ablation of tumors in breast cancer patients | 64 | |
| 7 | Lipid membrane coated Hollow Silica-Carbon NPs loaded w/ photosensitizing agents | - Photodynamic, stimulated via NIR exposure &subsequently via interaction w/ ROS | - Increases (NAD+), decreases (ATP) available for ATP-eflux pumps, blocks multi-drug resistant properties in cancer cells for 5 days - Creates window for treatment | 66 | |
| 8 | Echogenic Folate-Targeted Polymersomes encapsulared with air-bubbles, DOX, and Gemcitabine | - Redox-responsive, stimulated via exposure to increase of GSH concentrations within an environment | - Perform stable intracellular co-delivery of anti-cancer therapeutics into the cytosol of tumor cells - Facilitate ultrasound-enabled diagnostics | 68 | |
| Surgical Applications of Theranostics (Section 3.2) | |||||
| # | Nano-Application enable Surgical | Nano-Formulation Theranostic | Advantage to Precision Surgery | ||
| 9 | In vivo Fluorescent Guided Therapy | - NCs w/ specific fluorescently tagged cancer biomarkers | - Every, and only, cancerous cell in a surgical site is illuminated to ensure complete removal | 69-71 | |
| 10 | NIR Fluorescence-Enhanced Diffuse Optical Tomography – multimodal use of real-time computed tomography & MRI | - Tumor targeted NCs incorporating fluorescent NPs | - Real-time temporal and spatial 3D imaging for the identification of biological & genetic causalities of disease - Earlier detection & removal of tumors | 72-73 | |
Novel Nanocarrier-based Drug Delivery Systems (Section 2_0)
| Type | Material | Novel Properties Physiochemical | Novel Therapeutic Applications | Ref | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organic Nanocarriers (Section 2.1) | ||||||
| 1 | Polymeric | Star-PLL | - Stable internalization facilitates intracellular release of pDNA | - Stimulates tissue regeneration - Utilizes lower doses of pDNA while maintaining efficient expression levels | 24 | |
| 2 | Polymeric *** | PEG-Micelle chain | - pro-pH-responsive drug at thrombosis release of | - Enhanced subsequent anti-thrombotic therapy | 25 | |
| 3 | Lipid Micelles | Chitosan coated | -Cationic Charge -Thiolation-enhanced mucoadhesiveness | -Enhanced delivery of nucleic acids -Enhanced retention and permeability within mucosal membranes | 26-29 | |
| 4 | Sertoli Cells | Naturally rived cells de- | -Encapsulation of lipid micelles | -lung Enhanced immunoprotection and delivery to the | 30 | |
| 5 | Liposomes | Phospholipid bilayer | - Formation of immunoliposomes | - Cancer immunity therapies - Delivery of nanoprimers | 31 | |
| 6 | Nanobubbles *** | Phospholipid bilayer | - Externally induced ultrasonic-responsive behavior | - Enhanced tumor-permeability through induced structural cavitation | 34 | |
| 7 | Exosomes | cell-derived | - try Biocompatible to originator surface cells, enhanced chemistargeting | - Laboratory stimulated biogenesis for their utilization as biomimetic nanocarrier | 35-38 | |
| Inorganic Nanocarriers (Section 2.2) | ||||||
| 8 | Mesoporous Silica | Si-Ph, Si-N, Si-OH | - Tunable porosity controls loading & release | - Enhanced delivery of anti-malarial, & anti-leukemic therapeutics | 39,40 | |
| 9 | Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Au | - polyvinylpyrrolidone conjugates for enhanced internalization | - Non-toxic intracellular co-delivery of DOX & BLM to lung cancer cells | 41,42 | |
| 10 | Metal Organic Frameworks | Aluminum-based | - Functional and structural tenability within lysosomal low-pH environment | - Deliver antioxidant for up to one week while lysosomally encapsulated | 43 | |
| 11 | ZIFs *** | Zeolitic Imidazolate | - High degree of biocompatibility enhanced drug biodistribution | - Release anti-cancer agents upon interaction with acidic pH or the tumor microenvironment | 44 | |
| Nano-platforms (Section 2.3) | ||||||
| 12 | Ocular Nanowafers | Polymeric | - Structure has drug embedded throughout nanowafer, and slowly degrades via hydrolysis | - Achieve prolonged gradual release of ocular drug, improves ocular bioavailability & therapeutic efficiency | 45,46 | |
| 13 | Dental Nano-Adhesive resins | Nano-polymer scale | - enhanced Biocompatible adhesion structure, and | - Self-cleaning and self-healing restorative methods | 3 | |
| 14 | Microneedle Patches | Alginate-based | - MNs increase transdermal permeability | - Glucose-responsive release of exendin-4 for prolonged, on-demand Type-2 Diabetes therapy | 47 | |
| 15 | Polymeric Hydrogels | Filomicelles & block co-polymers (PEG-bl-PPS) | - Conformational change in response to physiological or photo-oxidation | - At target site, Immunomodulatory NC-drug complex self-assembles -Sustained release for up to 1 month | 48 | |
| 16 | Static Tissue Regeneration Scaffolds | porous, fibrous, acellular, hydrogel, microsphere, polymer | - Facilitate the growth of tissue cells for nearly any organ - Permeable to cells, growth factors, and biomolecules | - Artificially stimulated cell proliferation in organ or artificial implant therapies | 49,50 | |
| 17 | Dynamic Tissue Regeneration Scafolds | Natural – PNI-PAM polymer | - Thermo-responsive conformational changes - Heat > 320Cforms scafold | - Heat <320Cshrinks scafold and releases tissue culture - Future, grow implantable tissue cultures in vitro with patients cells | 51 | |
| 18 | Thermosensitive Nanogels | PNIPAM | - conformational Thermo-responsive changes | - Controlled drug release via NIR irradiation | 20 | |
DNA-based Biomedical Nanotechnology Applications (Section 4_0)
| DNA Origami – (DNA-O) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | Type | Novel Physiochemical Properties | Novel Therapeutic Outcome | Ref |
| 1 | Targeted DNA-O NCs | - Stable & targeted intracellular delivery of Cas9 proteins | - Enhanced CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing | 74, 76 |
| - Delivery photosensitive gold nanorods | - Vehicle to facilitate photothermal ablation | |||
| to tumor cells | ||||
| 2 | DNA-O Scaffold | - Biomimetic curved-shape matches the curve of a cell membrane | - Repair of damaged cell membranes by delivering essential biomolecules | 77 |
| 3 | DNA Nanorulers | - Nanoscale DNA strands of exact size w/fluorescent tags at equal intervals | - Enhance the accuracy of nanoscale measurements in microscopy | 78 |
| - DNA-based “memory storage” system | - Diagnostic extracellular biomolecule detection | |||
| 4 | DNA Integrated Live Cell Circuits | that can accurately respond to extracellular signals through the production of a | - Stimulate existing cellular communications that induce specific cell states | 75 |
| DNA strand that will encode the required response | - Future, rewire existing signaling pathways | |||