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Psychological Safety and Burnout among Community Pharmacy Employees: A Longitudinal Study Cover

Psychological Safety and Burnout among Community Pharmacy Employees: A Longitudinal Study

By: Dragana Jocic  
Open Access
|Feb 2026

Figures & Tables

Regression coefficients for psychological safety predicting burnout at T3

PredictorBSEβtp
Constant2.1480.15613.798<.001
Psychological Safety T1−0.0130.040−0.013−0.325.745
Psychological Safety T20.0100.0400.0100.261.794
Psychological Safety T3−0.0740.040−0.072−1.842.066

Correlations between Psychological safety and Burnout for Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians

VariablePsychological Safety T1Psychological Safety T2Psychological Safety T3Burnout T1Burnout T2Burnout T3
Pharmacists (n=412)
Psychological Safety T11−0.0040.061−0.0290.120−0.015
Psychological Safety T2−0.0041−0.007−0.045−0.0420.015
Psychological Safety T30.061−0.0071−0.010−0.040−0.068
Burnout T1−0.029−0.045−0.01010.048−0.070
Burnout T20.120−0.042−0.0400.0481−0.018
Burnout T3−0.0150.015−0.068−0.070−0.0181
Pharmacy Technicians (n=239)
Psychological Safety T11−0.0030.057−0.0350.080−0.019
Psychological Safety T2−0.0031−0.005−0.048−0.0450.012
Psychological Safety T30.057−0.0051−0.015−0.038−0.075
Burnout T1−0.035−0.048−0.01510.045−0.076
Burnout T20.080−0.045−0.0380.0451−0.025
Burnout T3−0.0190.012−0.075−0.076−0.0251

Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants

CharacteristicPharmacists (n=412)Pharmacy Technicians (n=239)Total (N=651)
Age (Mean ± SD)37.4 ± 8.235.1 ± 7.636.5 ± 8.0
Gender
- Male (%)112 (27.2%)48 (20.1%)160 (24.6%)
- Female (%)300 (72.8%)191 (79.9%)491 (75.4%)
Years of Experience (Mean ± SD)12.8 ± 7.310.5 ± 6.811.9 ± 7.1
Workload (Hours/Week, Mean ± SD)42.1 ± 5.640.7 ± 5.241.5 ± 5.5

Multiple regression analysis: Psychological safety and Burnout

Predictor VariableBStd. ErrorBetatSig.
Constant2.1480.15613.798<.001
Psychological Safety T1−0.0130.040−0.013−0.3250.745
Psychological Safety T20.0100.0400.0100.2610.794
Psychological Safety T3−0.0740.040−0.072−1.8420.066

Burnout and Psychological Safety across three time points

MeasurePharmacists T1 (Mean ± SD)Pharmacy Technicians T1 (Mean ± SD)Pharmacists T2 (Mean ± SD)Pharmacy Technicians T2 (Mean ± SD)Pharmacists T3 (Mean ± SD)Pharmacy Technicians T3 (Mean ± SD)
Burnout (Total Score)3.5 ± 0.83.4 ± 0.83.4 ± 0.73.3 ± 0.73.3 ± 0.73.3 ± 0.7
Burnout Categories (%)
No Risk (0–3.0)28.5%30.1%30.8%32.0%32.2%33.5%
Normal Stress (3.1–3.6)42.1%41.8%43.4%43.1%44.0%44.2%
High Burnout Risk (3.7–4.0)29.4%28.1%25.8%24.9%23.8%22.3%
Psychological Safety (Total Score)42.9 ± 6.442.6 ± 6.744.3 ± 6.644.1 ± 6.845.2 ± 6.845.0 ± 7.0
Psychological Safety Categories (%)
Low (15–30)18.3%18.7%16.0%16.4%14.6%15.0%
Moderate (31–45)52.5%52.1%50.3%50.0%48.8%48.6%
High (46–75)29.2%29.2%33.7%33.6%36.6%36.4%
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/eabr-2025-0019 | Journal eISSN: 2956-2090 | Journal ISSN: 2956-0454
Language: English
Page range: 361 - 368
Submitted on: Feb 9, 2025
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Accepted on: Dec 15, 2025
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Published on: Feb 25, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2026 Dragana Jocic, published by University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.