Regression coefficients for psychological safety predicting burnout at T3
| Predictor | B | SE | β | t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constant | 2.148 | 0.156 | — | 13.798 | <.001 |
| Psychological Safety T1 | −0.013 | 0.040 | −0.013 | −0.325 | .745 |
| Psychological Safety T2 | 0.010 | 0.040 | 0.010 | 0.261 | .794 |
| Psychological Safety T3 | −0.074 | 0.040 | −0.072 | −1.842 | .066 |
Correlations between Psychological safety and Burnout for Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians
| Variable | Psychological Safety T1 | Psychological Safety T2 | Psychological Safety T3 | Burnout T1 | Burnout T2 | Burnout T3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pharmacists (n=412) | ||||||
| Psychological Safety T1 | 1 | −0.004 | 0.061 | −0.029 | 0.120 | −0.015 |
| Psychological Safety T2 | −0.004 | 1 | −0.007 | −0.045 | −0.042 | 0.015 |
| Psychological Safety T3 | 0.061 | −0.007 | 1 | −0.010 | −0.040 | −0.068 |
| Burnout T1 | −0.029 | −0.045 | −0.010 | 1 | 0.048 | −0.070 |
| Burnout T2 | 0.120 | −0.042 | −0.040 | 0.048 | 1 | −0.018 |
| Burnout T3 | −0.015 | 0.015 | −0.068 | −0.070 | −0.018 | 1 |
| Pharmacy Technicians (n=239) | ||||||
| Psychological Safety T1 | 1 | −0.003 | 0.057 | −0.035 | 0.080 | −0.019 |
| Psychological Safety T2 | −0.003 | 1 | −0.005 | −0.048 | −0.045 | 0.012 |
| Psychological Safety T3 | 0.057 | −0.005 | 1 | −0.015 | −0.038 | −0.075 |
| Burnout T1 | −0.035 | −0.048 | −0.015 | 1 | 0.045 | −0.076 |
| Burnout T2 | 0.080 | −0.045 | −0.038 | 0.045 | 1 | −0.025 |
| Burnout T3 | −0.019 | 0.012 | −0.075 | −0.076 | −0.025 | 1 |
Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants
| Characteristic | Pharmacists (n=412) | Pharmacy Technicians (n=239) | Total (N=651) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Mean ± SD) | 37.4 ± 8.2 | 35.1 ± 7.6 | 36.5 ± 8.0 |
| Gender | |||
| - Male (%) | 112 (27.2%) | 48 (20.1%) | 160 (24.6%) |
| - Female (%) | 300 (72.8%) | 191 (79.9%) | 491 (75.4%) |
| Years of Experience (Mean ± SD) | 12.8 ± 7.3 | 10.5 ± 6.8 | 11.9 ± 7.1 |
| Workload (Hours/Week, Mean ± SD) | 42.1 ± 5.6 | 40.7 ± 5.2 | 41.5 ± 5.5 |
Multiple regression analysis: Psychological safety and Burnout
| Predictor Variable | B | Std. Error | Beta | t | Sig. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constant | 2.148 | 0.156 | — | 13.798 | <.001 |
| Psychological Safety T1 | −0.013 | 0.040 | −0.013 | −0.325 | 0.745 |
| Psychological Safety T2 | 0.010 | 0.040 | 0.010 | 0.261 | 0.794 |
| Psychological Safety T3 | −0.074 | 0.040 | −0.072 | −1.842 | 0.066 |
Burnout and Psychological Safety across three time points
| Measure | Pharmacists T1 (Mean ± SD) | Pharmacy Technicians T1 (Mean ± SD) | Pharmacists T2 (Mean ± SD) | Pharmacy Technicians T2 (Mean ± SD) | Pharmacists T3 (Mean ± SD) | Pharmacy Technicians T3 (Mean ± SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burnout (Total Score) | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 0.7 |
| Burnout Categories (%) | ||||||
| No Risk (0–3.0) | 28.5% | 30.1% | 30.8% | 32.0% | 32.2% | 33.5% |
| Normal Stress (3.1–3.6) | 42.1% | 41.8% | 43.4% | 43.1% | 44.0% | 44.2% |
| High Burnout Risk (3.7–4.0) | 29.4% | 28.1% | 25.8% | 24.9% | 23.8% | 22.3% |
| Psychological Safety (Total Score) | 42.9 ± 6.4 | 42.6 ± 6.7 | 44.3 ± 6.6 | 44.1 ± 6.8 | 45.2 ± 6.8 | 45.0 ± 7.0 |
| Psychological Safety Categories (%) | ||||||
| Low (15–30) | 18.3% | 18.7% | 16.0% | 16.4% | 14.6% | 15.0% |
| Moderate (31–45) | 52.5% | 52.1% | 50.3% | 50.0% | 48.8% | 48.6% |
| High (46–75) | 29.2% | 29.2% | 33.7% | 33.6% | 36.6% | 36.4% |