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Distance Education and Burnout Syndrome among Nursing Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic Cover

Distance Education and Burnout Syndrome among Nursing Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Open Access
|Sep 2025

Figures & Tables

Summary of selected studies

Authors / Year / CountrySampleStudy DesignVariablesMeasureFindings
Magdalinou et al. (2022), Greece(2)63 nursing studentsCross-sectionalStudent's perceptions and preferences and preferencesOnline Questionnarie for studentsStudent's perceptions and preferences are positive regarding distance learning. Interactive methods, proper design of online courses and technical support are closely to improve distance learning experience.
D'Souza et al. (2023), India(3)982 nursing studentsCross-sectionalStudent's perceptionOnline SurveyMost of the students preferred remote learning during the pandemic. There are negative association between clinical skills, less motivation and difficulties with getting tired due to the constant use of mobile phones...
Liu et al. (2023), China(5)653 nursing studentsCross-sectionalAcademic burnout Influencing factors
  • -

    Academic Burn-out Scale

  • -

    Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale

  • -

    Impact of Event Scale-6

  • -

    Patient Health Questionnaire-2

  • -

    Professional Identity Scale

Nursing students had a high degree of academic burnout. There are positive correlation with academic year, satisfaction with specialty, satisfaction with online learning, professional identity, and psychological resilience.
Wang et al. (2021), China(16)733 nursing studentsCross-sectional
  • -

    Academic burnout

  • -

    Academic engagement

  • -

    Psychological capital

  • -

    Academic Burn-out Scale

  • -

    Positive Psychological Capital Scale

  • -

    Academic Engagement Scale

Academic engagement and psychological capital were negatively correlated with academic burnout. Psychological capital was positively correlated with academic engagement.
Zhu et al. (2023), China(17)227 nursing studentsCross-sectional
  • -

    Learning burnout

  • -

    Academic self efficacy

  • -

    Anxiety

  • -

    Depression

  • -

    College Students’ Learning Burnout Questionnaire

  • -

    Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale

  • -

    Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale

Academic self-efficacy has a significant predictive effect on learning burnout. It was positively correlated with anxiety and depression and negatively correlated with academic self-efficacy.
Chen et al. (2023), China(18)3051 nursing studnetsCross-sectional
  • -

    Academic burnout

  • -

    Self-directed learning

  • -

    Self-efficacy

  • -

    Self-directed learning readiness scale

  • -

    Academic burnout scale

  • -

    General Self-Efficacy Scale

Self-directed learning ability, self-efficacy and academic burnout were at the high level. Self-directed learning ability and self-efficacy were negatively correlated with academic burnout..
Rohmani & Adriani (2021), Indonesia(19)69 nursing studentsCross-sectional
  • -

    Academic burnout

  • -

    Academic Self-efficacy

Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student SurveyAcademic self-efficacy showed a strong negative association with burnout. Exhaustion was the burnout dimension most closely associated with academic self-efficacy.
Atashinsdaf et al. (2024), Iran(20)228 nursing studnetsCross-sectionalStudent's abilities, attitudes, challenges, and preferencesQuestionnary for studentsThere are positive student satisfaction with E-learning but still far from students preferences.
Kim & Park (2021), South Korea(21)310 nursing studentsCross-sectional
  • Learning flow and out-comes

  • Distance learning Social-evaluative anxiety

  • -

    Learning flow scale

  • -

    Learning satisfaction tool

  • -

    Social Avoidance and Distress scale

Distance education mediated the association be-tween learning flow and learning outcomes. Social-evaluative anxiety was negative correlated with distance education effect.
Alghtany et al. (2024), Australia(22)198 nursing studentsCross-sectional
  • Academic burnout Professional self-concept

  • Professional efficacy

  • -

    Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey

  • -

    NurseSelf-Concept Instrument

Professional self-concept was a key predictor of the academic burnout subscales professional efficacy and cynicism. Total professional self-concept was above average with different variability in the students' emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and professional efficacy.
Durmus et al. (2022), Turkey(23)361 nursing studentsCross-sectionalDigital burnoutDigital Burnout ScaleThere are high levels of digital burnout levels, which were affected by the average time spent online per day, stress level, physical and psychological health, and economic status.
Karaaslan et al. (2022), Turkey(24)454 nursing studentsCross-sectional
  • Student's success in distance education

  • Student's experience

Distance Education Assessment Questionnaire for Nursing StudentsDistance Education are significant Preliminary information, proficiency level in using technological softwear and devices, economic, asynchronous teaching method...
Kartsoni et al. (2023), Greece(25)20 nursing studentsCross-sectional
  • Psychosocial adaptation

  • Distance learning

Individual and focus groups interviewsRapid transition to online learning was correlated with previous experience in distance learning and using new technologies, adequacy of resources, limited interaction with teachers. Negative correlation was founded in emotional state of students (negative emotions dominated - unproductive, no creativity, permanent fatige, no motivation, sleep disorders) and fear of volunteering and future.
Baudewyns et al. (2023), Belgium(26)2275 nursing students and midwivesCross-sectional
  • Academic burnout

  • Associatded factors

  • -

    Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey

  • -

    Academic Burnout Inventory

There are high prevalence of overall academic burnout risk. Factors significantly associated with higher risk of academic burnout were: having a child, job, the level of academic training, working overtime, insufficient personal protective equipment.
Svavarsdottir et al. (2023), Iceland(27)638 nursing students and midwivesCross-sectional
  • Personal burnout

  • Academic burnout

  • Stress level

  • -

    Copenhagen Burnout Inventory

  • -

    Perceived Stress Scale

Students' support, stress and educational level predicted the nursing students' burnout symptoms. Academic burnout was negative correlated with students' learning ability, health, and wellbeing, quality of care and intention to leave the profession postgraduation.
Manuli et al. (2022), Italy(28)521 nursing studentsCross-sectional
  • Distance learning

  • Anxiety

  • Stress

  • Depression

  • -

    Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21

  • -

    System Usability Scale

High satisfaction with the use of e-learning leads to low levels of stress, anxiety, depression, and mental distress.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/eabr-2025-0012 | Journal eISSN: 2956-2090 | Journal ISSN: 2956-0454
Language: English
Submitted on: May 28, 2025
Accepted on: Aug 1, 2025
Published on: Sep 3, 2025
Published by: University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2025 Marijana Dabic, Verica Trbovic, published by University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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