Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Chemical composition of J_ communis essential oils from different habitats
| NO | Compound | Retention time (min) | Relative abundance (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| JC1 | JC2 | JC3 | JC4 | |||
| C1 | α - thujen | 5.392 | 2.23 | 1.72 | / | 1.24 |
| C2 | α-pinene | 5.559 | 32.68 | 41.95 | 51.10 | 46.82 |
| C3 | β-phellandrene | 6.541 | 24.77 | / | 6.43 | 12.27 |
| C4 | Sabinene | 6.547 | / | 17.82 | / | / |
| C5 | Tricyclene | 6.605 | 2.19 | 2.57 | 2.23 | / |
| C6 | β-terpinene | 6.593 | / | / | / | 2.32 |
| C7 | β-pinene | 7.040 | 14.09 | 13.92 | 9.84 | 9.99 |
| C8 | D - limonene | 8.005 | 4.16 | 3.78 | 4.86 | 3.81 |
| C9 | Terpinolene | 9.660 | 1.40 | 1.02 | / | 1.10 |
| C10 | α-cubebene | 16.798 | 0.76 | 0.80 | 2.08 | 0.76 |
| C11 | Copaene | 17.480 | / | / | 1.18 | / |
| C12 | β - elemene | 17.925 | / | / | 1.41 | / |
| C13 | β-caryophyllene | 18.583 | 1.69 | 2.42 | 1.39 | 2.26 |
| C14 | α - caryophyllene | 19.443 | 1.22 | 1.53 | 1.42 | 1.31 |
| C15 | γ-cadinene | 20.130 | 9.56 | 6.45 | / | / |
| C16 | Humulene | 20.488 | / | 0.68 | / | / |
| C17 | γ - elemene | 20.494 | 0.80 | / | / | 0.65 |
| C18 | β - cubebene | 20.136 | / | / | 11.09 | 4.36 |
| C19 | Bicyclogermacrene | 22.452 | / | / | 2.58 | / |
| C20 | α - elemene | 20.714 | 0.85 | 0.71 | 2.03 | 0.57 |
| C21 | Cadinene | 21.164 | 0.70 | 0.88 | 1.18 | / |
| C22 | Aristolene | 21.927 | / | 4.28 | / | / |
| C23 | Elixene | 21.938 | 2.93 | / | / | 3.72 |
The collection sites, meteorological data, and yields of oils from the four J_ communis samples and the correlation coefficients between four environmental factors and essential oil yields_
| Sample | Place | Average Altitude (m) | Temperature1 (°C) | Precipitation1 (mm) | Humidity1 (%) | essential oil yield (wt%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| JC1 | Kopaonik | 1710 | 9.6 | 966.04 | 79.83 | 1.71 |
| JC2 | Mačkat | 600 | 9.74 | 995.26 | 78.58 | 1.98 |
| JC3 | Takovo | 330 | 11.7 | 818.82 | 75.83 | 1.58 |
| JC4 | Bavanište | 80 | 13.38 | 768.34 | 69.83 | 1.56 |
| Correlation coefficients | 0.273 | −0.756 | 0.871 | 0.637 |
The antimicrobial activity of J_ communis essential oils
| Tested species | JC1 | JC2 | JC3 | JC4 | Tetracycline/Fluconazole | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MIC | MMC | MIC | MMC | MIC | MMC | MIC | MMC | MIC | MMC | |
| B. subtilis ATCC 6633 | 500 | 500 | 15.63 | 62.50 | 125 | 1000 | 62.50 | 62.50 | 1.95 | 15.63 |
| S. aureus | 1000 | >2000 | <3.91 | 31.25 | 125 | 500 | 7.81 | 31.25 | 0.98 | 15.62 |
| S. aureus ATCC 25923 | 500 | 1000 | 15.63 | 31.25 | <3.91 | 7.81 | 7.81 | 62.50 | 0.22 | 3.75 |
| P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 | 500 | 500 | 7.81 | 62.50 | <3.91 | 15.65 | 7.81 | 250 | 62.5 | 125 |
| P. mirabilis ATCC 12453 | 500 | 1000 | 31.25 | 31.25 | 62.50 | 125 | <3.91 | <3.91 | 125 | 125 |
| E. coli | >2000 | >2000 | 7.81 | 31.25 | 31.25 | 62.50 | <3.91 | 15.65 | 15.63 | 31.25 |
| E. coli ATCC 25922 | 500 | 1000 | <3.91 | <3.91 | 7.81 | 15.63 | <3.91 | <3.91 | 15.63 | 31.25 |
| S. enterica | >2000 | >2000 | 7.81 | 62.50 | 250 | 500 | <3.91 | 15.65 | 15.63 | 31.25 |
| C. albicans ATCC 10231 | 250 | 1000 | <3.91 | 62.50 | <3.91 | 15.65 | <3.91 | 15.65 | 31.25 | 1000 |
The antioxidant activity of the J_ communis essential oils
| Samples/Standards | DPPH scavenging activity | ABTS scavenging activity |
|---|---|---|
| IC50 (μg/ml) | ||
| JC1 | > 1000 | 896.11 ± 7.02 |
| JC2 | 308.83 ± 3.85 | 237.74 ± 4.61 |
| JC3 | > 1000 | > 1000 |
| JC4 | 966.89 ± 10.83 | 793.66 ± 16.23 |
| Ascorbic Acid | 9.08±1.96 | 8.28±0.24 |
| Trolox | 14.26±3.81 | 12.40±0.40 |