Table 1.
The collection sites, meteorological data, and yields of oils from the four J. communis samples and the correlation coefficients between four environmental factors and essential oil yields.
| Sample | Place | Average Altitude (m) | Temperature1 (°C) | Precipitation1 (mm) | Humidity1 (%) | essential oil yield (wt%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| JC1 | Kopaonik | 1710 | 9.6 | 966.04 | 79.83 | 1.71 |
| JC2 | Mačkat | 600 | 9.74 | 995.26 | 78.58 | 1.98 |
| JC3 | Takovo | 330 | 11.7 | 818.82 | 75.83 | 1.58 |
| JC4 | Bavanište | 80 | 13.38 | 768.34 | 69.83 | 1.56 |
| Correlation coefficients | 0.273 | −0.756 | 0.871 | 0.637 |
1 The annual average meteorological data (2015–2019) of four locations from the Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia (annuals bulletin for Serbia, https://www.hidmet.gov.rs) and “Weather Atlas” (https://www.weather-atlas.com)
Table 2.
Chemical composition of J. communis essential oils from different habitats
| NO | Compound | Retention time (min) | Relative abundance (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| JC1 | JC2 | JC3 | JC4 | |||
| C1 | α - thujen | 5.392 | 2.23 | 1.72 | / | 1.24 |
| C2 | α-pinene | 5.559 | 32.68 | 41.95 | 51.10 | 46.82 |
| C3 | β-phellandrene | 6.541 | 24.77 | / | 6.43 | 12.27 |
| C4 | Sabinene | 6.547 | / | 17.82 | / | / |
| C5 | Tricyclene | 6.605 | 2.19 | 2.57 | 2.23 | / |
| C6 | β-terpinene | 6.593 | / | / | / | 2.32 |
| C7 | β-pinene | 7.040 | 14.09 | 13.92 | 9.84 | 9.99 |
| C8 | D - limonene | 8.005 | 4.16 | 3.78 | 4.86 | 3.81 |
| C9 | Terpinolene | 9.660 | 1.40 | 1.02 | / | 1.10 |
| C10 | α-cubebene | 16.798 | 0.76 | 0.80 | 2.08 | 0.76 |
| C11 | Copaene | 17.480 | / | / | 1.18 | / |
| C12 | β - elemene | 17.925 | / | / | 1.41 | / |
| C13 | β-caryophyllene | 18.583 | 1.69 | 2.42 | 1.39 | 2.26 |
| C14 | α - caryophyllene | 19.443 | 1.22 | 1.53 | 1.42 | 1.31 |
| C15 | γ-cadinene | 20.130 | 9.56 | 6.45 | / | / |
| C16 | Humulene | 20.488 | / | 0.68 | / | / |
| C17 | γ - elemene | 20.494 | 0.80 | / | / | 0.65 |
| C18 | β - cubebene | 20.136 | / | / | 11.09 | 4.36 |
| C19 | Bicyclogermacrene | 22.452 | / | / | 2.58 | / |
| C20 | α - elemene | 20.714 | 0.85 | 0.71 | 2.03 | 0.57 |
| C21 | Cadinene | 21.164 | 0.70 | 0.88 | 1.18 | / |
| C22 | Aristolene | 21.927 | / | 4.28 | / | / |
| C23 | Elixene | 21.938 | 2.93 | / | / | 3.72 |
Figure 1.
The loadings of each compound for principal components 1 and 2. The components with the highest correlation by component are encircled (PC1 - black line; PC2 - red line)
Figure 2.
Dendrogram obtained by hierarchical cluster analysis of juniper essential oils from four different locations in the Republic of Serbia.
Table 3.
The antimicrobial activity of J. communis essential oils
| Tested species | JC1 | JC2 | JC3 | JC4 | Tetracycline/Fluconazole | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MIC | MMC | MIC | MMC | MIC | MMC | MIC | MMC | MIC | MMC | |
| B. subtilis ATCC 6633 | 500 | 500 | 15.63 | 62.50 | 125 | 1000 | 62.50 | 62.50 | 1.95 | 15.63 |
| S. aureus | 1000 | >2000 | <3.91 | 31.25 | 125 | 500 | 7.81 | 31.25 | 0.98 | 15.62 |
| S. aureus ATCC 25923 | 500 | 1000 | 15.63 | 31.25 | <3.91 | 7.81 | 7.81 | 62.50 | 0.22 | 3.75 |
| P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 | 500 | 500 | 7.81 | 62.50 | <3.91 | 15.65 | 7.81 | 250 | 62.5 | 125 |
| P. mirabilis ATCC 12453 | 500 | 1000 | 31.25 | 31.25 | 62.50 | 125 | <3.91 | <3.91 | 125 | 125 |
| E. coli | >2000 | >2000 | 7.81 | 31.25 | 31.25 | 62.50 | <3.91 | 15.65 | 15.63 | 31.25 |
| E. coli ATCC 25922 | 500 | 1000 | <3.91 | <3.91 | 7.81 | 15.63 | <3.91 | <3.91 | 15.63 | 31.25 |
| S. enterica | >2000 | >2000 | 7.81 | 62.50 | 250 | 500 | <3.91 | 15.65 | 15.63 | 31.25 |
| C. albicans ATCC 10231 | 250 | 1000 | <3.91 | 62.50 | <3.91 | 15.65 | <3.91 | 15.65 | 31.25 | 1000 |