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Widespread Misperception of Relative Risks of ENDS versus Cigarette Smoking among Key Populations for Tobacco Harm Reduction in a 2022 Representative U.S. Sample Cover

Widespread Misperception of Relative Risks of ENDS versus Cigarette Smoking among Key Populations for Tobacco Harm Reduction in a 2022 Representative U.S. Sample

Open Access
|May 2026

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Characteristics of the adults who exclusively smoke and do not plan to quit smoking in 30 days, PATH Wave 7.

CharacteristicsAdults who exclusively smoke and do not plan to quit in 30 days
Total Sample3
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White2,146 (66.7%)
Non-Hispanic Black649 (13.6%)
Hispanic459 (11.7%)
Non-Hispanic other 227 (8.0%)
Sex
Male1,656 (55.5%)
Female1,825 (44.5%)
Age
18–542,180 (61.3%)
55+1,301 (38.7%)
Household income
< $25,0001,499 (42.0%)
> $25,0001,826 (58.0%)
Education
High school/GED or less1,926 (59.6%)
College educated1,539 (40.4%)
Sexual orientation
Heterosexual3,029 (90.8%)
Non-heterosexual395 (9.2%)
Mental health
Excellent/very good/good2,507 (73.7%)
Fair/poor957 (26.3%)

[i] Note: Unweighted N (weighted %).

Figure 1.

Relative risk perception between ENDS and cigarettes among those who exclusively smoke.

Sample sizes are expressed as (the number of participants reporting ENDS misperception) / (the number of participants within the group) and weighted percentage.

NH White: 1,970/2,129 [92.9%], NH Black: 610/643 [95.6%], Hispanic: 432/454 [95.5%], NH Others: 213/225 [95.3%]; Male: 1,504/1,641 [92.5%], Female: 1,721/1,810 [95.4%]; ages 18–54: 2,010/2,170 [92.8%], ages 55+: 1,215/1,281 [95.5%]; some college or more: 1,396/1,528 [91.2%], HS/GED or less: 1,815/1,907 [95.5%]; > $25,000: 1,676/1,817 [92.6%], < $25,000: 1,405/1,484 [95.1%]; Heterosexual: 2,807/3,003 [93.8%], Non-heterosexual: 364/392 [92.8%]; Excellent/Very good/Good mental health: 2,318/2,487 [93.5%]; Fair/poor: 891/948 [94.4%].

Table 2.

Characteristics associated with misperception, among AWES not planning to quit in the next 30 days.

CharacteristicsOR (95% CI)
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic WhiteReference
Non-Hispanic Black1.79 (1.13–2.83)
Hispanic1.56 (0.90–2.68)
Non-Hispanic Other1.83 (0.80–4.20)
Sex
FemaleReference
Male0.55 (0.38–0.80)
Age
18–55Reference
55+1.47 (1.02–2.12)
Education
Some college or moreReference
HS/GED or less2.10 (1.47–3.01)
Household income
> $25,000Reference
< $25,0001.12 (0.73–1.74)
Sexual orientation
HeterosexualReference
Non-heterosexual0.81 (0.48–1.36)
Mental health
Excellent/goodReference
Fair/poor 1.04(0.68–1.59)

[i] Note: ORs are based on weighted data.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2026-0005 | Journal eISSN: 2719-9509 (formerly 1612-9237)
Language: English, French, German
Page range: 68 - 76
Submitted on: Oct 14, 2025
Accepted on: Feb 17, 2026
Published on: May 3, 2026
Published by: Beiträge zur Tabakforschung GmbH
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2026 Sooyong Kim, Arielle Selya, Saul Shiffman, Lynne Dawkins, Joe Gitchell, published by Beiträge zur Tabakforschung GmbH
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License.