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Comparison of Select Analytes from Different Laboratories in Tobacco and Smoke for Commercial Cigars Across a Range of Designs Cover

Comparison of Select Analytes from Different Laboratories in Tobacco and Smoke for Commercial Cigars Across a Range of Designs

Open Access
|Jan 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Cigar products tested. Samples are ordered from top to bottom in the photograph as Sample A, Sample B, Sample C, Sample D, Sample E, and Sample F.
Cigar products tested. Samples are ordered from top to bottom in the photograph as Sample A, Sample B, Sample C, Sample D, Sample E, and Sample F.

Figure 2.

Lab comparison: Pressure drop average of 7 replicates for each sample from three different labs. Error bars, if shown, are 3 × standard deviation.
Lab comparison: Pressure drop average of 7 replicates for each sample from three different labs. Error bars, if shown, are 3 × standard deviation.

Figure 3.

Lab comparison: Tobacco nicotine average of 7 replicates shown for each sample from three different labs. Error bars are 3 × standard deviation.
Lab comparison: Tobacco nicotine average of 7 replicates shown for each sample from three different labs. Error bars are 3 × standard deviation.

Figure 4.

Product comparison: “Tar” yields. Data shown for a single laboratory (Lab 1), n=20.
Product comparison: “Tar” yields. Data shown for a single laboratory (Lab 1), n=20.

Figure 5.

TNCO Collaborative Studies: %R values for “tar” from 2007 to 2019 (n=5; laboratory count, typically <12).
TNCO Collaborative Studies: %R values for “tar” from 2007 to 2019 (n=5; laboratory count, typically <12).

Figure 6.

TNCO Collaborative studies: Cigar (40) vs. cigarette (41) regime for a cigarette monitor test piece where global mean is based on data from all laboratories in the study.
TNCO Collaborative studies: Cigar (40) vs. cigarette (41) regime for a cigarette monitor test piece where global mean is based on data from all laboratories in the study.

Figure 7.

Lab comparison: Smoke formaldehyde average of 7 replicates shown for each sample from three different labs. Error bars are 3 × standard deviation.
Lab comparison: Smoke formaldehyde average of 7 replicates shown for each sample from three different labs. Error bars are 3 × standard deviation.

Summary of physical parameters results_ Data are displayed as mean ± one standard deviation (% RSD); n = 20_

LabABCDEFLPR b
Conditioned cigar weight (g/cigar)
11.36 ± 0.02 (1)2.69 ± 0.17 (6)2.97 ± 0.23 (8)3.91 ± 0.27 (7)13.87 ± 1.24 (9)18.05 ± 0.60 (3)234%
21.37 ± 0.02 (2)2.68 ± 0.10 (4)3.04 ± 0.25 (8)3.93 ± 0.27 (7)13.58 ± 1.06 (8)19.27 ± 1.14 (6)245%
31.37 ± 0.02 (1)2.72 ± 0.16 (6)2.98 ± 0.28 (10)3.92 ± 0.34 (9)13.8918.20234%
LR a1%1%2%1%2%7%
Conditioned tobacco weight (g/cigar)
10.98 ± 0.02 (2)2.19 ± 0.10 (5)2.55 ± 0.22 (8)2.22 ± 0.23 (11)13.55 ± 1.25 (9)17.62 ± 0.59 (3)255%
20.97 ± 0.02 (2)2.22 ± 0.08 (4)2.59 ± 0.25 (10)2.23 ± 0.26 (12)13.39 ± 1.38 (10)18.80 ± 1.18 (6)266%
3NRNRNRNR13.8918.20NC
LR1%1%2%0%4%6%
Length (mm)
198.3 ± 0.2 (0.2)98.5 ± 1.2 (1.2)113.7 ± 0.3 (0.3)121.4 ± 0.5 (0.4)127.0 ± 0.4 (0.3)151.6 ± 0.5 (0.4)45%
298.7 ± 0.2 (0.2)102.5 ± 1.3 (1.3)112.8 ± 0.2 (0.2)121.5 ± 0.5 (0.4)126.2 ± 0.6 (0.5)152.2 ± 0.7 (0.5)45%
398.9 ± 0.3 (0.3)99.4 ± 0.8 (0.8)103.2 ± 0.5 (0.5)121.3 ± 0.5 (0.4)120.7141.137%
LR1%4%10%0%5%7%
Diameter (mm)
17.70 ± 0.02 (0.3)9.93 ± 0.14 (1.5)10.63 ± 0.04 (0.4)11.35 ± 0.05 (0.4)19.79 ± 0.44 (2.2)20.97 ± 0.37 (1.8)99%
27.82 ± 0.02 (0.3)10.38 ± 0.21 (2.0)10.67 ± 0.14 (1.3)11.59 ± 0.06 (0.5)20.07 ± 0.35 (1.7)21.56 ± 0.27 (1.3)100%
37.82 ± 0.06 (0.7)11.17 ± 0.34 (3.1)10.65 ± 0.18 (1.7)11.17 ± 0.25 (2.3)20.0321.2998%
LR2%12%0%4%1%3%
Pressure drop (mm H2O)
1260.7 ± 13.8 (5)104.7 ± 29.1 (28)127.3 ± 30.8 (24)96.3 ± 41.5 (43)37.4 ± 11.2 (30)37.9 ± 11.6 (31)202%
2266.6 ± 17.0 (6)87.0 ± 21.8 (25)155.6 ± 50.7 (33)85.7 ± 29.0 (34)47.4 ± 14.3 (30)33.0 ± 7.0 (21)208%
3287.6 ± 14.0 (5)107.7 ± 26.8 (25)134.2 ± 53.9 (40)86.6 ± 28.4 (33)52.335.9214%
LR10%21%20%12%33%14%

Summary of tobacco testing results_ Data are displayed as mean ± one standard deviation (% RSD); DWB = dry weight basis; n = 7_

LabABCDEFLPR b
Nicotine DWB (µg/g)
111065 ± 382 (3.5)22419 ± 642 (2.9)8336 ± 184 (2.2)9742 ± 391 (4.0)23666 ± 938 (4.0)29138 ± 1042 (3.6)120%
212858 ± 596 (4.6)18114 ± 928 (5.1)7832 ± 393 (5.0)11996 ± 604 (5.0)31864 ± 2633 (8.3)28475 ± 4084 (14.3)130%
314797 ± 622 (4.2)23685 ± 89 (0.4)8126 ± 60 (0.7)13734 ± 69 (0.5)26030 ± 253 (1.0)34491 ± 264 (0.8)131%
LR a29%26%6%34%30%20%
Ammonia DWB (µg/g)
12771 ± 41 (1.5)4769 ± 85 (1.8)2116 ± 35 (1.7)1616 ± 14 (0.9)6990 ± 124 (1.8)8593 ± 85 (1.0)156%
23112 ± 73 (2.4)4608 ± 71 (1.5)2344 ± 25 (1.1)1929 ± 37 (1.9)8048 ± 178 (2.2)8281 ± 233 (2.8)135%
33584 ± 144 (4.0)5497 ± 140 (2.6)2529 ± 56 (2.2)1841 ± 23 (1.2)8641 ± 213 (2.5)9745 ± 107 (1.1)149%
LR26%18%18%17%21%16%
Acetaldehyde DWB (µg/g)
11.17 ± 0.16 (14)0.21 ± 0.04 (19)0.97 ± 0.03 (3)0.29 ± 0.05 (16)0.65 ± 0.11 (17)1.28 ± 0.14 (11)140%
22.23 ± 0.12 (6)< 0.102.07 ± 0.30 (15)0.81 ± 0.08 (10)0.75 ± 0.02 (3)1.28 ± 0.22 (17)NC
30.50 ± 0.01 (2)0.22 ± 0.02 (9)1.11 ± 0.07 (6)< 0.100.33 ± 0.03 (8)0.61 ± 0.06 (10)161%
LR133%5%80%95%73%63%
Crotonaldehyde DWB (µg/g)
1< 0.040< 0.041< 0.041< 0.039< 0.042< 0.042NA
2< 0.050< 0.050< 0.050< 0.050< 0.050< 0.050NA
3< 0.050< 0.050< 0.050< 0.050< 0.009< 0.009NA
LRNANANANANANA
Formaldehyde DWB (µg/g)
11.22 ± 0.17 (14)0.51 ± 0.05 (10)0.71 ± 0.03 (4)3.33 ± 0.45 (14)1.19 ± 0.18 (15)1.39 ± 0.18 (13)203%
21.03 ± 0.08 (7)0.46 ± 0.09 (20)1.14 ± 0.11 (10)2.32 ± 0.11 (5)0.58 ± 0.01 (1)0.98 ± 0.12 (12)171%
30.83 ± 0.07 (8)0.26 ± 0.08 (31)0.78 ± 0.09 (12)1.21 ± 0.08 (7)0.69 ± 0.07 (11)0.52 ± 0.08 (15)133%
LR38%61%49%93%74%90%
Arsenic DWB (ng/g)
199 ± 6 (6)146 ± 11 (8)2342 ± 554 (24)2080 ± 162 (8)111 ± 4 (3)133 ± 6 (5)274%
2140 ± 15 (10)120 ± 11 (9)216 ± 17 (8)281 ± 30 (11)157 ± 18 (12)189 ± 16 (8)88%
3129 ± 10 (7)211 ± 16 (8)1028 ± 125 (12)265 ± 14 (5)188 ± 19 (10)140 ± 10 (7)275%
LR33%57%178%207%51%36%
Cadmium DWB (ng/g)
11078 ± 40 (4)1164 ± 45 (4)1173 ± 134 (11)1326 ± 29 (2)527 ± 16 (3)722 ± 25 (3)80%
21414 ± 88 (6)1381 ± 109 (8)1316 ± 84 (6)1622 ± 98 (6)669 ± 51 (8)328 ± 81 (25)115%
31273 ± 88 (7)1416 ± 34 (2)1312 ± 18 (1)1770 ± 15 (1)1216 ± 69 (6)769 ± 15 (2)77%
LR27%19%11%28%86%73%
Benzo(a)pyrene DWB (ng/g)
14.33 ± 0.31 (7)4.63 ± 0.39 (8)4.57 ± 0.23 (5)4.14 ± 0.25 (6)3.86 ± 0.25 (7)1.85 ± 0.14 (8)71%
25.38 ± 0.35 (7)5.85 ± 0.26 (5)5.63 ± 0.62 (11)3.19 ± 0.27 (9)< 2.19< 2.00NC
33.72 ± 0.81 (22)4.10 ± 0.25 (6)< 0.103.20 ± 0.31 (10)3.05 ± 0.33 (11)2.11 ± 0.25 (12)NC
LR37%36%21%27%23%13%
NNK DWB (ng/g)
14682 ± 149 (3)661 ± 43 (6)4388 ± 137 (3)445 ± 19 (4)687 ± 17 (2)164 ± 18 (11)246%
22701 ± 475 (18)477 ± 36(8)8938 ± 138(2)341 ± 11(3)< 1002425 ± 132(6)NC
32987 ± 162(5)606 ± 24(4)10164 ± 426(4)472 ± 28(6)1245 ± 255(21)163 ± 22(13)384%
LR57%32%74%31%58%247%
NNN DWB (ng/g)
15326 ± 295(5.5)3012 ± 155(5.1)10016 ± 495(4.9)1850 ± 127(6.9)2186 ± 60(2.8)2050 ± 87(4.2)200%
24896 ± 249(5.1)2674 ± 241(9.0)16749 ± 187(1.1)1625 ± 6(0.4)1244 ± 85(6.8)5173 ± 239(4.6)287%
35821 ± 224(3.8)3632 ± 92(2.5)26566 ± 752(2.8)3140 ± 160(5.1)3795 ± 347(9.1)1993 ± 46(2.3)328%
LR17%31%93%69%106%104%

Employed machine smoking parameters_

ParameterCigar diameter ≤ 12.0 mmCigar diameter > 12.0 mm
Puff volume (mL)200.139 × (diameter)2
Puff frequency (s)4040
Puff duration (s)1.51.5

Sample information and nominal physical parameters values_

Study IDProduct TypeCircumference (mm)Diameter (mm)Length (mm)Weight (g)Features of note
ALarge filter cigar22799with filter: 1.29Filtered
BSmall cigar258992.57Irregular lighting end
CCigarillo2581142.87Tapered mouth-end
DWood-tipped cigar289with tip: 120with tip: 3.90Non-cylindrical wooden mouth-piece
without tip: 100without tip: 2.33
EHand-made cigar6520.712714.5Closed mouth-end, requires cutting
FHand-made cigar732315218.5Closed mouth-end, requires cutting

Summary results of puff count, TPM, “tar”, nicotine, water, and CO_ Data are displayed as mean ± one standard deviation (%RSD); n = 20;_

LabABCDEFLPR b
Puff count (per cigar)
121 ± 1 (4)54 ± 10 (18)45 ± 3 (7)37 ± 3 (9)92 ± 14 (16)201 ± 59 (29)240%
222 ± 1 (6)57 ± 10 (18)42 ± 3 (7)50 ± 7 (15)103 ± 13 (12)155 ± 18 (12)186%
320 ± 1 (7)48 ± 7 (14)41 ± 4 (9)37 ± 5 (13)155 ± 25 (16)199 ± 32 (16)215%
LR a10%17%9%31%54%25%
“Tar” (mg/cigar)
122 ± 2 (10)37 ± 11 (30)49 ± 5 (11)31 ± 9 (30)92 ± 47 (51)138 ± 55 (40)189%
225 ± 3 (13)51 ± 8 (16)50 ± 5 (11)61 ± 8 (13)138 ± 26 (19)286 ± 47 (16)256%
319 ± 3 (17)45 ± 12 (25)49 ± 8 (17)39 ± 9 (22)171 ± 41 (24)291 ± 47 (16)266%
LR27%32%2%69%59%64%
Nicotine (mg/cigar)
10.95 ± 0.11 (11)2.26 ± 0.77 (34)1.45 ± 0.41 (28)1.08 ± 0.45 (41)5.62 ± 3.45 (61)22.24 ± 13.06 (59)380%
21.16 ± 0.11 (9)3.22 ± 0.49 (15)1.51 ± 0.18 (12)2.26 ± 0.30 (13)9.91 ± 3.46 (35)13.19 ± 5.69 (43)231%
30.86 ± 0.09 (10)3.33 ± 0.71 (21)1.42 ± 0.25 (18)1.49 ± 0.44 (30)9.86 ± 4.22 (43)25.70 ± 7.51 (29)349%
LR30%36%6%73%51%61%
Carbon monoxide (mg/cigar)
128 ± 3 (11.0)65 ± 18 (28.0)69 ± 43 (62.0)58 ± 17 (30.0)< 359.8553 ± 311 (56.0)340% c
230 ± 5 (17.0)70 ± 12 (18.0)72 ± 21 (30.0)78 ± 27 (35.0)446 ± 172 (39.0)751 ± 110 (15.0)299%
326 ± 3 (13.0)67 ± 13 (19.0)93 ± 10 (10.0)57 ± 8 (14.0)404 ± 60 (15.0)732 ± 69 (9.0)307%
LR14%7%31%33%21% a29%
Water (mg/cigar)
1< 0.6< 2.21.9 ± 0.5 (25)< 0.8< 88.0< 309.8NC
20.8 ± 0.4 (49)3.7 ± 1.6 (44)2.6 ± 1.7 (66)8.4 ± 2.7 (33)96.9 ± 35.5 (37)166.5 ± 53.6 (32)356%
30.1 ± 0.2 (206)0.7 ± 1.0 (141)0.8 ± 0.8 (101)1.0 ± 1.0 (106)88.8 ± 34.8 (39)261.9 ± 97.4 (37)445%
LR140% c136% c102%224% c10% c58% c
TPM (mg/cigar)
123 ± 2 (11)42 ± 13 (32)52 ± 6 (11)32 ± 10 (31)185 ± 102 (55)470 ± 261 (56)334%
227 ± 3 (12)58 ± 9 (15)54 ± 6 (11)71 ± 10 (14)245 ± 40 (16)466 ± 78 (17)286%
319 ± 3 (17)50 ± 12 (25)52 ± 8 (16)42 ± 10 (23)269 ± 72 (27)579 ± 111 (19)332%
LR35%32%4%81%36%22%

Summary of smoking results_ Data are displayed as mean ± one standard deviation (%RSD); n = 7;_

LabABCDEFLPR b
Ammonia (µg/cigar)
128 ± 7 (27)60 ± 53 (87)107 ± 129 (121)104 ± 88 (85)1467 ± 1167 (80)5987 ± 3397 (57)461%
243 ± 12 (28)43 ± 9 (21)62 ± 5 (9)68 ± 13 (19)1101 ± 215 (20)2636 ± 1581 (60)394%
3< 30.0< 30.241 ± 7 (16)< 32.91503 ± 996 (66)5417 ± 2979 (55)NC
LR a45%67%94%104%30%72%
Acetaldehyde (µg/cigar)
1700 ± 133 (19)955 ± 286 (30)1721 ± 357 (21)1769 ± 454 (26)4669 ± 1925 (41)5011 ± 1134 (23)174%
2760 ± 67 (9)1334 ± 286 (21)1653 ± 263 (16)1747 ± 204 (12)3257 ± 726 (22)5520 ± 1082 (20)200%
31042 ± 73 (7)1906 ± 121 (6)2525 ± 199 (8)2251 ± 206 (9)3892 ± 728 (19)4503 ± 758 (17)129%
LR41%68%44%26%36%20%
Acrolein (µg/cigar)
127 ± 6 (24)11 ± 3 (30)26 ± 9 (35)33 ± 11 (33)63 ± 12 (19)99 ± 16 (16)204%
236 ± 4 (10)29 ± 3 (11)47 ± 10 (22)47 ± 10 (21)67 ± 18 (27)92 ± 19 (20)119%
340 ± 3 (8)26 ± 2 (8)51 ± 5 (9)51 ± 5 (9)28 ± 3 (11)63 ± 9 (14)86%
LR38%82%60%41%74%43%
Crotonaldehyde (µg/cigar)
16 ± 1 (21)9 ± 3 (31)42 ± 16 (39)38 ± 11 (28)61 ± 24 (39)77 ± 19 (25)183%
215 ± 2 (15)195 ± 38 (20)44 ± 8 (19)49 ± 8 (16)49 ± 10 (20)68 ± 23 (34)257%
311 ± 1 (7)20 ± 2 (10)40 ± 5 (12)44 ± 3 (7)20 ± 5 (26)27 ± 7 (27)122%
LR84%249%10%25%95%87%
Formaldehyde (µg/cigar)
111 ± 2 (18)8 ± 3 (36)11 ± 3 (26)15 ± 4 (29)8 ± 3 (33)9 ± 3 (33)68%
28 ± 2 (26)9 ± 2 (22)14 ± 3 (21)15 ± 5 (33)20 ± 3 (16)24 ± 5 (23)107%
37 ± 1 (11)7 ± 1 (17)13 ± 3 (22)21 ± 3 (16)9 ± 1 (13)16 ± 3 (21)115%
LR46%25%24%35%97%92%
4-Aminobiphenyl (ng/cigar)
14 ± 1 (17)9 ± 2 (18)15 ± 1 (8)5 ± 3 (65)41 ± 11 (28)50 ± 10 (20)223%
22 ± 0 (14)6 ± 2 (27)12 ± 1 (11)8 ± 2 (27)10 ± 4 (44)17 ± 5 (28)164%
33 ± 0 (9)7 ± 2 (33)13 ± 2 (15)5 ± 2 (36)19 ± 3 (15)38 ± 7 (17)247%
LR67%41%23%50%133%94%
1-Aminonaphthalene (ng/cigar)
153 ± 8 (15)90 ± 18 (20)137 ± 13 (10)55 ± 38 (69)424 ± 104 (24)518 ± 124 (24)218%
286 ± 7 (9)118 ± 31 (27)155 ± 21 (14)150 ± 30 (20)131 ± 54 (41)193 ± 51 (26)77%
339 ± 8 (20)77 ± 34 (44)111 ± 20 (18)55 ± 23 (42)170 ± 39 (23)308 ± 45 (15)212%
LR79%43%33%110%121%96%
2-Aminonaphthalene (ng/cigar)
135 ± 5 (14)48 ± 8 (18)78 ± 8 (10)35 ± 23 (65)221 ± 55 (25)270 ± 65 (24)205%
239 ± 2 (4)43 ± 9 (21)67 ± 5 (8)68 ± 14 (20)52 ± 21 (40)76 ± 24 (32)64%
326 ± 4 (16)38 ± 15 (38)60 ± 11 (19)32 ± 13 (42)88 ± 19 (21)168 ± 38 (23)207%
LR39%23%26%80%140%113%
Benzo(a)pyrene (ng/cigar)
111 ± 5 (48)23 ± 9 (42)74 ± 12 (15)32 ± 19 (58)97 ± 35 (36)155 ± 30 (19)220%
226 ± 4 (14)39 ± 7 (19)89 ± 11 (12)85 ± 17 (20)99 ± 19 (20)137 ± 25 (19)140%
319 ± 2 (11)30 ± 12 (42)68 ± 8 (11)63 ± 12 (19)78 ± 20 (26)113 ± 47 (42)152%
LR80%52%27%88%23%31%
NNK (ng/cigar)
1433 ± 79 (18)135 ± 36 (27)689 ± 216 (31)166 ± 82 (50)421 ± 213 (51)380 ± 268 (71)149%
21286 ± 246 (19)502 ± 111 (22)4299 ± 682 (16)574 ± 91 (16)1707 ± 2358 (138)529 ± 387 (73)256%
3419 ± 37 (9)213 ± 77 (36)1809 ± 327 (18)152 ± 58 (38)1266 ± 1492 (118)255 ± 77 (30)242%
LR122%130%159%142%114%71%
NNN (ng/cigar)
1350 ± 64 (18)240 ± 90 (37)838 ± 184 (22)224 ± 92 (41)1303 ± 1025(79)2364 ± 766 (32)241%
21177 ± 73 (6)1030 ± 215 (21)6313 ± 1008 (16)935 ± 96 (10)2286 ± 1399 (61)1989 ± 647 (33)235%
3402 ± 20 (5)517 ± 228 (44)3205 ± 482 (15)322 ± 112 (35)1755 ± 883 (50)3370 ± 1597 (47)191%
LR129%133%159%144%55%54%
Acrylonitrile (µg/cigar)
112 ± 3 (28)55 ± 12 (21)72 ± 15 (21)30 ± 16 (54)302 ± 56 (19)473 ± 90 (19)293%
217 ± 5 (27)63 ± 11 (18)81 ± 7 (8)57 ± 17 (29)112 ± 25 (23)184 ± 37 (20)195%
316 ± 1 (7)65 ± 19 (29)90 ± 12 (13)51 ± 3 (7)241 ± 36 (15)488 ± 79 (16)298%
LR33%16%22%59%87%80%
Benzene (µg/cigar)
158 ± 9 (16)248 ± 75 (30)280 ± 46 (16)152 ± 72 (48)1313 ± 144 (11)1634 ± 144 (9)257%
281 ± 19 (24)320 ± 52 (16)356 ± 29 (8)305 ± 80 (26)699 ± 97 (14)812 ± 168 (21)170%
371 ± 4 (6)318 ± 81 (25)364 ± 52 (14)231 ± 20 (9)1250 ± 154 (12)2021 ± 204 (10)275%
LR33%24%25%67%56%81%
1,3-Butadiene (µg/cigar)
156 ± 4 (7)185 ± 30 (16)235 ± 46 (20)116 ± 50 (43)974 ± 304 (31)974 ± 279 (29)217%
2207 ± 49 (24)600 ± 130 (22)757 ± 79 (10)515 ± 131 (25)1445 ± 724 (50)1172 ± 233 (20)158%
393 ± 5 (6)323 ± 97 (30)388 ± 37 (9)245 ± 18 (7)633 ± 124 (20)1033 ± 158 (15)208%
LR127%112%113%137%80%19%
Isoprene (µg/cigar)
1527 ± 90 (17)2019 ± 410 (20)1897 ± 333 (18)1001 ± 332 (33)8714 ± 1988 (23)11006 ± 3810 (35)250%
2736 ± 146 (20)2027 ± 447 (22)1864 ± 203 (11)1739 ± 377 (22)4360 ± 1348 (31)4893 ± 1186 (24)160%
3630 ± 54 (9)2253 ± 717 (32)1898 ± 156 (8)1490 ± 98 (7)7131 ± 1804 (25)14393 ± 2265 (16)297%
LR33%11%2%52%65%94%
Toluene (µg/cigar)
184 ± 25 (29)391 ± 93 (24)407 ± 93 (23)230 ± 93 (40)2700 ± 413 (15)3705 ± 642 (17)289%
2131 ± 33 (26)544 ± 78 (14)603 ± 70 (12)575 ± 149 (26)1273 ± 250 (20)1823 ± 316 (17)205%
3128 ± 9 (7)621 ± 140 (22)732 ± 116 (16)458 ± 47 (10)2706 ± 301 (11)5041 ± 536 (11)304%
LR41%44%56%82%64%91%
Language: English
Page range: 234 - 252
Published on: Jan 7, 2025
Published by: Institut für Tabakforschung GmbH
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© 2025 Rana Tayyarah, Leona R. Sirkisoon, Lee Gentry, published by Institut für Tabakforschung GmbH
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