Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Nondestructive Detection of Stem Content in Tobacco Strips Using X-Ray Imaging Analysis Cover

Nondestructive Detection of Stem Content in Tobacco Strips Using X-Ray Imaging Analysis

Open Access
|Dec 2022

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Tobacco leaves before and after threshing.(a) Cured tobacco leaves before threshing(b) Leafy strips(c) Stems with leaf attached(d) Fully stripped stems
Tobacco leaves before and after threshing.(a) Cured tobacco leaves before threshing(b) Leafy strips(c) Stems with leaf attached(d) Fully stripped stems

Figure 2

Experimental system.(a) Physical simulation diagram(b) Schematic illustration of the experimental system
Experimental system.(a) Physical simulation diagram(b) Schematic illustration of the experimental system

Figure 3

Gray image of tobacco leaves and stems.
Gray image of tobacco leaves and stems.

Figure 4

Image processing flowchart of stem recognition and quantization algorithm.
Image processing flowchart of stem recognition and quantization algorithm.

Figure 5

Determination of stem diameter by image segmentation.
Determination of stem diameter by image segmentation.

Figure 6

Comparison of stem images from two kinds of X-ray detectors.
Comparison of stem images from two kinds of X-ray detectors.

Figure 7

Contrast of stems and leaves on an X-ray image as a function of X-ray intensity.
Contrast of stems and leaves on an X-ray image as a function of X-ray intensity.

The determination result of tobacco stems in pure tobacco leaves by the X-ray identification and determination system_

Test No.Actual content of stem (%)Determination of stem* (%)Relative error (%)
11.00000.9689−3.11
21.50001.4712−1.92
32.00002.05522.76
42.50002.4090−3.64
53.00002.9538−1.54
63.50003.4926−0.21
74.00003.9033−0.06
84.50004.4258−2.03
95.00004.9108−1.78
106.00006.14322.34

Calculation results of ∑i=1nln G0/Gi \sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n {\ln \,{G_0}/{G_i}} for each image in Figure 5_

Test No.ValueRelative deviation (%)
1#166320.10
2#16588−0.17
3#16613−0.02
4#166420.16
5#166210.03
6#16600−0.10

The determination results of long stems_

Test No.Number of detected long stemNumber of total long stemIdentification accuracy (%)
1495098.00
25050100.00
35050100.00
Average99.33

The density of leaves and stems_

SamplesApparent density (g/cm3)Thickness (mm)Area density (g/cm2)
Leaves000
Stems (2.38 mm)120
Stems (1.50 mm)110

The determination results of thick stems_

Test No.Number of detected thick stemNumber of total thick stemIdentification accuracy (%)
1475094.00
2495098.00
3465092.00
Average94.67

The comparison of quantitative detection results of two methods_

SampleActual content of stem (%)ISO methodX-ray method

Detected content (%)Relative error (%)Detected content (%)Relative error (%)
3000 g leaves + 30 g stems0.99010.9571−3.321.01052.07
3000 g leaves + 60 g stems1.96081.7682−9.792.00032.06
3000 g leaves + 90 g stems2.91262.7123−6.792.93760.95
3000 g leaves + 120 g stems3.84623.5256−8.433.7995−1.31
Language: English
Page range: 142 - 150
Submitted on: Feb 21, 2022
Accepted on: Jun 16, 2022
Published on: Dec 10, 2022
Published by: Institut für Tabakforschung GmbH
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2022 Wenkui Zhu, Hongkun Liu, Bo Zhou, Meizhou Ding, Bing Wang, Bin Liu, published by Institut für Tabakforschung GmbH
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License.