Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Estimated Public Health Gains From German Smokers Switching to Reduced-Risk Alternatives: Results From Population Health Impact Modelling Cover

Estimated Public Health Gains From German Smokers Switching to Reduced-Risk Alternatives: Results From Population Health Impact Modelling

Open Access
|May 2022

References

  1. Jha, P., C. Ramasundarahettige, V. Landsman, B. Rostron, M. Thun, R.N. Anderson, T. McAfee, and R. Peto: 21st-Century Hazards of Smoking and Benefits of Cessation in the United States; N. Engl. J. Med. 368 (2013) 341–350. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1211128
  2. Mons, U.: Tabakattributable Mortalität in Deutschland und in den Deutschen Bundesländern – Berechnungen mit Daten des Mikrozensus und der Todesursachenstatistik [Tobacco-Attributable Mortality in Germany and in the German Federal States - Calculations With Data From a Microcensus and Mortality Statistics]; Gesundheitswesen 73 (2011) 238–246. DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1252039
  3. World Health Organization (WHO): WHO Global Report on Trends in Prevalence of Tobacco Smoking 2015; World Health Organization, Geneva, 2015. Available from: https://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/surveillance/reportontrendstobaccosmoking/en/index4.html (accessed March 2022)
  4. Kotz, D., M. Bockmann, and S. Kastaun: The Use of Tobacco, E-Cigarettes, and Methods to Quit Smoking in Germany: A Representative Study Using 6 Waves of Data Over 12 Months (the DEBRA Study); Dtsch. Arztebl. Int. 115 (2018) 235–242. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0235
  5. Kotz, D., A. Batra, and S. Kastaun: Smoking Cessation Attempts and Common Strategies Employed: A Germany-Wide Representation Survey Conducted in 19 Waves From 2016 to 2019 (the DEBRA Study) and Analyzed by Socioeconomic Status; Dtsch. Ärztebl. Int. 117 (2020) 7–13. DOI: 10.3238/ärztebl.2020.0007
  6. Mons, U. and H. Brenner: Demographic Ageing and the Evolution of Smoking-Attributable Mortality: The Example of Germany; Tob. Control 26 (2017) 455–457. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053008
  7. Chaloupka, F.J., D. Sweanor, and K.E. Warner: Differential Taxes for Differential Risks – Toward Reduced Harm From Nicotine-Yielding Products; N. Engl. J. Med. 373 (2015) 594–597. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1505710
  8. Royal College of Physicians (RCP): Nicotine Without Smoke: Tobacco Harm Reduction; RCP, London, UK, 2016. Available from: www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/nicotine-without-smoke-tobacco-harm-reduction (accessed March 2022)
  9. Kozlowski, L.T. and D.B. Abrams: Obsolete Tobacco Control Themes can be Hazardous to Public Health: The Need for Updating Views on Absolute Product Risks and Harm Reduction; BMC Public Health 16 (2016) 432. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3079-9
  10. Abrams, D.B., A.M. Glasser, A.C. Villanti, J.L. Pearson, S. Rose, and R.S. Niaura: Managing Nicotine Without Smoke to Save Lives Now: Evidence for Harm Minimization; Prev. Med. 117 (2018) 88–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.06.010
  11. Abrams, D.B., A.M. Glasser, J.L. Pearson, A.C. Villanti, L.K. Collins, and R.S. Niaura: Harm Minimization and Tobacco Control: Reframing Societal Views of Nicotine Use to Rapidly Save Lives; Annu. Rev. Public Health 39 (2018) 193–213. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013849
  12. Fairchild, A., C. Healton, J. Curran, D. Abrams, and R. Bayer: Evidence, Alarm, and the Debate Over E-Cigarettes; Science 366 (2019) 1318–1320. DOI: 10.1126/science.aba0032
  13. McNeill, A., L.S. Brose, R. Calder, L. Bauld, and D. Robson: Evidence Review of E-Cigarettes and Heated Tobacco Products. A Report Commissioned by Public Health England; Public Health England, London, UK, 2018. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/684963/Evidence_review_of_e-cigarettes_and_heated_tobacco_products_2018.pdf (accessed March 2022)
  14. Schaller, J.P., D. Keller, L. Poget, P. Pratte, E. Kaelin, D. McHugh, G. Cudazzo, D. Smart, A.R. Tricker, L. Gautier, M. Yerly, R. Reis Pires, S. Le Bouhellec, D. Ghosh, I. Hofer, E. Garcia, P. Vanscheeuwijck, and S. Maeder: Evaluation of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2. Part 2: Chemical Composition, Genotoxicity, Cytotoxicity, and Physical Properties of the Aerosol; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 81 (2016) S27–S47. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.10.001
  15. Mallock, N., L. Böss, R. Burk, M. Danziger, T. Welsch, H. Hahn, H.L. Trieu, J. Hahn, E. Pieper, F. Henkler-Stephani, C. Hutzler, and A. Luch: Levels of Selected Analytes in the Emissions of “Heat not Burn” Tobacco Products That are Relevant to Assess Human Health Risks; Arch. Toxicol. 92 (2018) 2145–2149. DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2215-y
  16. Ramström, L. and T. Wikmans: Mortality Attributable to Tobacco Among Men in Sweden and Other European Countries: An Analysis of Data in a WHO Report; Tob. Induc. Dis. 12 (2014) 14. DOI: 10.1186/1617-9625-12-14
  17. Hajek, P., A. Phillips-Waller, D. Przulj, F. Pesola, K. Myers Smith, N. Bisal, J. Li, S. Parrott, P. Sasieni, L. Dawkins, L. Ross, M. Goniewicz, Q. Wu, and H.J. McRobbie: A Randomized Trial of E-Cigarettes Versus Nicotine-Replacement Therapy; N. Engl. J. Med. 380 (2019) 629–637. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1808779
  18. Beard, E., R. West, S. Michie, and J. Brown: Association of Prevalence of Electronic Cigarette Use With Smoking Cessation and Cigarette Consumption in England: A Time-Series Analysis Between 2006 and 2017; Addiction 115 (2019) 961–974. DOI: 10.1111/add.14851
  19. Bauld, L., A.M. MacKintosh, B. Eastwood, A. Ford, G. Moore, M. Dockrell, D. Arnott, H. Cheeseman, and A. McNeill: Young People's Use of E-Cigarettes Across the United Kingdom: Findings From Five Surveys 2015–2017; Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14 (2017). DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14090973
  20. Walker, N., V. Parag, S.F. Wong, B. Youdan, B. Broughton, C. Bullen, and R. Beaglehole: Use of E-Cigarettes and Smoked Tobacco in Youth Aged 14–15 Years in New Zealand: Findings From Repeated Cross-Sectional Studies (2014–19); Lancet Public Health 5 (2020) e204–e212. DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30241-5
  21. Levy, D.T., K.E. Warner, K.M. Cummings, D. Hammond, C. Kuo, G.T. Fong, J.F. Thrasher, M.L. Goniewicz, and R. Borland: Examining the Relationship of Vaping to Smoking Initiation Among US Youth and Young Adults: A Reality Check; Tob. Control 28 (2019) 629–635. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054446
  22. Sokol, N.A. and J.M. Feldman: High School Seniors who Used E-Cigarettes may Have Otherwise Been Cigarette Smokers: Evidence From Monitoring the Future (United States, 2009–2018); Nicotine Tob. Res. 23 (2021) 1958–1961. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab102
  23. Stoklosa, M., Z. Cahn, A. Liber, N. Nargis, and J. Drope: Effect of IQOS Introduction on Cigarette Sales: Evidence of Decline and Replacement; Tob. Control 29 (2019) 381–387. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-054998
  24. Orth, B. and C. Merkel: Die Drogenaffinität Jugendlicher in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 2019. Rauchen, Alkoholkonsum und Konsum illegaler Drogen: Aktuelle Verbreitung und Trends; Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZGA), Cologne, Germany 2020. DOI: 10.17623/BZGA:225-DAS19-DE-1.0
  25. Kotz, D. and S. Kastaun: Invited Lecture: Consumption of Cigarettes, Waterpipe, E-Cigarettes and Heated Tobacco Products in Germany: Current Data From the DEBRA Study; Deutsche Befragung zum Rauchverhalten (DEBRA), 18th German Tobacco Control Conference, Heidelberg, Online, 02 December 2020. Available from: https://www.debra-study.info/forschung (accessed March 2022)
  26. Orth, B. and C. Merkel: Rauchen bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen in Deutschland 2018: Ergebnisse des Alkoholsurveys 2018 und Trends; Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZGA), Cologne, Germany, 2019. DOI: 10.17623/BZGA:225-ALKSY18-RAU-DE-1.0
  27. Lee, P.N., J.S. Fry, J.F. Hamling, Z. Sponsiello-Wang, G. Baker, and R. Weitkunat: Estimating the Effect of Differing Assumptions on the Population Health Impact of Introducing a Reduced Risk Tobacco Product in the USA; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 88 (2017) 192–213. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.06.009
  28. Djurdjevic, S., P.N. Lee, R. Weitkunat, Z. Sponsiello-Wang, F. Lüdicke, and G. Baker: Modeling the Population Health Impact of Introducing a Modified Risk Tobacco Product Into the U.S. Market; Healthcare (Basel) 6 (2018) 47. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare6020047
  29. Lee, P.N., S. Djurdjevic, R. Weitkunat, and G. Baker: Estimating the Population Health Impact of Introducing a Reduced-Risk Tobacco Product Into Japan. The Effect of Differing Assumptions, and Some Comparisons With the U.S.; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 100 (2018) 92–104. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.10.010
  30. Weitkunat, R., P.N. Lee, G. Baker, Z. Sponsiello-Wang, A.M. González-Zuloeta Ladd, and F. Lüdicke: A Novel Approach to Assess the Population Health Impact of Introducing a Modified Risk Tobacco Product; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 72 (2015) 87–93. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.03.011
  31. Fry, J.S., P.N. Lee, B.A. Forey, and K.J. Coombs: How Rapidly Does the Excess Risk of Lung Cancer Decline Following Quitting Smoking? A Quantitative Review Using the Negative Exponential Model; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 67 (2013) 13–26. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.06.001
  32. Lee, P.N., J.S. Fry, and B.A. Forey: Estimating the Decline in Excess Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Following Quitting Smoking – A Systematic Review Based on the Negative Exponential Model; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 68 (2014) 231–239. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.12.006
  33. Lee, P.N., J.S. Fry, and J.S. Hamling: Using the Negative Exponential Distribution to Quantitatively Review the Evidence on how Rapidly the Excess Risk of Ischaemic Heart Disease Declines Following Quitting Smoking; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 64 (2012) 51–67. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.06.009
  34. Lee, P.N., J.S. Fry, and A. Thornton: Estimating the Decline in Excess Risk of Cerebrovascular Disease Following Quitting Smoking - A Systematic Review Based on the Negative Exponential Model; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 68 (2014) 85–95. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.11.013
  35. Gardner, J.W. and J.S. Sanborn: Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) – What Does it Measure?; Epidemiology 1 (1990) 322–329. DOI: 10.1097/00001648-199007000-00012
  36. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division: World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision; United Nations, New York, NY, USA. Available at: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/
  37. Forey, B., J. Hamling, J. Hamling, A. Thornton and P. Lee: International Smoking Statistics. A Collection of Worldwide Historical Data (2006–2016); Available at: www.pnlee.co.uk/iss.htm (accessed March 2022)
  38. Forey, B.A. and P.N. Lee: A Comparison of Smoking Prevalence and Quitting Between Countries Which use Either Virginia or Blended Tobacco Cigarettes; PN Lee Statistics and Computing Ltd, Sutton, Surrey, UK, 2012. Available from: www.pnlee.co.uk/Reports.htm [Download FOREY2012]
  39. Bennewitz, E. and A. Kaul: Quitting Smoking in Germany: Evidence From the SOEP; Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2020. Available at: https://www.uni-saarland.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Professoren/fr12_ProfKaul/Research/2020_01_29_Quitting_Smoking.pdf (accessed March 2022)
  40. Martin, F., G. Vuillaume, G. Baker, Z. Sponsiello-Wang, P.F. Ricci, F. Lüdicke, and R. Weitkunat: Quantifying the Risk-Reduction Potential of New Modified Risk Tobacco Products; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 92 (2018) 358–369. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.12.011
  41. Nutt, D.J., L.D. Phillips, D. Balfour, H.V. Curran, M. Dockrell, J. Foulds, K. Fagerstrom, K. Letlape, A. Milton, R. Polosa, J. Ramsey, and D. Sweanor: Estimating the Harms of Nicotine-Containing Products Using the MCDA Approach; Eur. Addict. Res. 20 (2014) 218–225. DOI: 10.1159/000360220
  42. World Health Organization (WHO): WHO Mortality Database; available at: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/mortality_data/en/ (accessed March 2022)
  43. Levy, D.T., R. Borland, E.N. Lindblom, M.L. Goniewicz, R. Meza, T.R. Holford, Z. Yuan, Y. Luo, R.J. O’Connor, R. Niaura, and D.B. Abrams: Potential Deaths Averted in USA by Replacing Cigarettes With E-Cigarettes; Tob. Control 27 (2018) 18–25. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053759
  44. Zhu, S.H., Y.L. Zhuang, S. Wong, S.E. Cummins, and G.J. Tedeschi: E-Cigarette use and Associated Changes in Population Smoking Cessation: Evidence From US Current Population Surveys; BMJ 358 (2017) j3262. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j3262
  45. Lee, P.N., J. Hamling, J. Fry, and B. Forey: Using the Negative Exponential Model to Describe Changes in Risk of Smoking-Related Diseases Following Changes in Exposure to Tobacco; Advances in Epidemiology, Article ID 487876 (2015) 13 pages. DOI: 10.1155/2015/487876
  46. Brose, L.S., J. Brown, S.C. Hitchman, and A. McNeill: Perceived Relative Harm of Electronic Cigarettes Over Time and Impact on Subsequent Use. A Survey With 1-Year and 2-Year Follow-Ups; Drug Alcohol Depend. 157 (2015) 106–111. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.014
  47. Action on Smoking and Health (ASH): Use of E-Cigarettes (Vapes) Among Adults in Great Britain, 2021; ASH, London, UK, 2021. Available at: https://ash.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Use-of-e-cigarettes-vapes-among-adults-in-Great-Britain-2021.pdf (accessed April 2022)
  48. Atzendorf, J., A.B. Aschenbrenner, E. Gomes de Matos, L. Kraus, C. Kröger, S. Delle, and D. Piontek: E-Zigaretten: Einschätzung von Gesundheitsgefahren und Nutzung zur Tabakentwöhnung (E-Cigarettes: Perceived Harmfulness and Use for Smoking Cessation); Bundesgesundheitsbl. 61 (2018) 1415–1421. DOI: 10.1007/s00103-018-2822-z
  49. Persoskie, A., E.K. O’Brien, and K. Poonai: Perceived Relative Harm of Using E-Cigarettes Predicts Future Product Switching Among US Adult Cigarette and E-Cigarette Dual Users; Addiction 114 (2019) 2197–2205. DOI: 10.1111/add.14730
  50. Eichler, M., M. Blettner, and S. Singer: The Use of E-Cigarettes - A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey of 4002 Individuals in 2016; Dtsch. Ärztebl. Int. 113 (2016) 847–854. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2016.0847
  51. Verband des eZigarettenhandels (VdeH): E-Zigaretten - die unterschätzte Chance. Was die Deutschen über E-Zigaretten wissen - und was nicht. Ergebnisse der repräsentativen Forsa-Befragung; VdeH, Berlin, Germany, November 2019. Available at: https://vd-eh.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/vdeh-forsa-2019.pdf (accessed March 2022)
  52. Kotz, D. and S. Kastaun: E-Zigaretten und Tabakerhitzer: repräsentative Daten zu Konsumverhalten und assoziierten Faktoren in der deutschen Bevölkerung (die DEBRA-Studie) (E-Cigarettes and Heat-Not-Burn Products: Representative Data on Consumer Behaviour and Associated Factors in the German Population (The DEBRA Study)); Bundesgesundheitsbl. 61 (2018) 1407–1414. DOI: 10.1007/s00103-018-2827-7
  53. Kozlowski, L.T. and D. Sweanor: Withholding Differential Risk Information on Legal Consumer Nicotine/Tobacco Products: The Public Health Ethics of Health Information Quarantines; Int. J. Drug Policy 32 (2016) 17–23. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.03.014
  54. Science Media Center Germany (SMC): Press Briefing: Wie sollen E-Zigaretten künftig reguliert werden?; SMC gGmbH, Heidelberg, Germany, 21 January 2020; Available at: https://www.sciencemediacenter.de/alle-angebote/press-briefing/details/news/wie-sollen-e-zigaretten-kuenftig-reguliert-werden/ (accessed March 2022)
  55. Weaver, S.R., A. Jazwa, L. Popova, P. Slovic, R.B. Rothenberg, and M.P. Eriksen: Worldviews and Trust of Sources for Health Information on Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: Effects on Risk Perceptions and Use; SSM Popul. Health 3 (2017) 787–794. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.09.003
  56. Levy, D.T., G.T. Fong, K.M. Cummings, R. Borland, D.B. Abrams, A.C. Villanti, and R. Niaura: The Need for a Comprehensive Framework; Addiction 112 (2017) 22–24. DOI: 10.1111/add.13600
  57. Kimber, C., D. Frings, S. Cox, I.P. Albery, and L. Dawkins: Communicating the Relative Health Risks of E-Cigarettes: An Online Experimental Study Exploring the Effects of a Comparative Health Message Versus the EU Nicotine Addiction Warnings on Smokers’ and Non-Smokers’ Risk Perceptions and Behavioural Intentions; Addict. Behav. 101 (2020) 106177. DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106177
  58. Hummel, K., G.E. Nagelhout, G.T. Fong, C.I. Vardavas, S. Papadakis, A. Herbeć, U. Mons, B. van den Putte, R. Borland, E. Fernández, H. de Vries, A. McNeill, S. Gravely, K. Przewoźniak, P. Kovacs, A.C. Trofor, and M.C. Willemsen: Quitting Activity and use of Cessation Assistance Reported by Smokers in Eight European Countries: Findings From the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys; Tob. Induc. Dis. 16 (2018). DOI: 10.18332/tid/98912
  59. Reimer, J., S. Kuhn, and K. Lehmann: Konsumgewohnheiten und Motive von E-Zigaretten-Konsumenten in Deutschland - Eine Querschnittsanalyse; Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Suchtforschung der Universität Hamburg (ZIS), Hamburg, Germany, 2016. Available at: https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/fileadmin/Dateien/5_Publikationen/Drogen_und_Sucht/Berichte/161005_Anlage_5-Abschlussbericht_ZIS.pdf (accessed March 2022)
  60. Cotti, C.D., C.J. Courtemanche, J.C. Maclean, E.T. Nesson, M.F. Pesko, and N. Tefft: The Effects of E-Cigarette Taxes on E-Cigarette Prices and Tobacco Product Sales: Evidence From Retail Panel Data; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Working Paper 26724, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2020. Available at: https://www.nber.org/papers/w26724.pdf (accessed March 2022)
  61. Bachand, A.M. and S.I. Sulsky: A Dynamic Population Model for Estimating All-Cause Mortality due to Lifetime Exposure History; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 67 (2013) 246–251. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.08.003
  62. Bachand, A.M., S.I. Sulsky, and G.M. Curtin: Assessing the Likelihood and Magnitude of a Population Health Benefit Following the Market Introduction of a Modified-Risk Tobacco Product: Enhancements to the Dynamic Population Modeler, DPM(+1); Risk Anal. 38 (2018) 151–162. DOI: 10.1111/risa.12819
  63. Black, R., J. Murillo, and Y. Pithawalla (Editors): Population Modeling. A Practical Approach to Evaluate the Net Benefit of a new Tobacco Product; Proceedings of Tobacco Computational Modeling Meeting, NYU College of Global Public Health, July 23–24, 2018.
  64. Camacho, O.M., A. Hill, S. Fiebelkorn, A. Williams, and J.J. Murphy: Investigating the Health Effects of 3 Coexisting Tobacco and Nicotine Products Using System Dynamics Population Modeling: An Italian Population Case Study; medRxiv Preprint: Apr 19, 2021. DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.12.21255338 Available at: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.21255338v1.full.pdf (accessed March 2022)
  65. Hill, A. and O.M. Camacho: A System Dynamics Modelling Approach to Assess the Impact of Launching a New Nicotine Product on Population Health Outcomes; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 86 (2017) 265–278. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.03.012
  66. Muhammad-Kah, R.S., Y.B. Pithawalla, E.L. Boone, L. Wei, M.A. Jones, R.A. Black, T.M. Bryan, and M.A. Sarkar: A Computational Model for Assessing the Population Health Impact of Introducing a Modified Risk Claim on an Existing Smokeless Tobacco Product; Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16 (2019) 1264. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071264
  67. Poland, B. and F. Teischinger: Population Modeling of Modified Risk Tobacco Products Accounting for Smoking Reduction and Gradual Transitions of Relative Risk; Nicotine Tob. Res. 19 (2017) 1277–1283. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx070
  68. Apelberg, B.J., S.P. Feirman, E. Salazar, C.G. Corey, B.K. Ambrose, A. Paredes, E. Richman, S.J. Verzi, E.D. Vugrin, N.S. Brodsky, and B.L. Rostron: Potential Public Health Effects of Reducing Nicotine Levels in Cigarettes in the United States; N. Engl. J. Med. 378 (2018) 1725–1733. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsr1714617
  69. Kalkhoran, S. and S.A. Glantz: Modeling the Health Effects of Expanding E-Cigarette Sales in the United States and United Kingdom: A Monte Carlo Analysis; JAMA Intern. Med. 175 (2015) 1671–1680. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.4209
  70. Levy, D.T., R. Borland, A.C. Villanti, R. Niaura, Z. Yuan, Y. Zhang, R. Meza, T.R. Holford, G.T. Fong, K.M. Cummings, and D.B. Abrams: The Application of a Decision-Theoretic Model to Estimate the Public Health Impact of Vaporized Nicotine Product Initiation in the United States; Nicotine Tob. Res. 19 (2017) 149–159. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw158
  71. Soneji, S.S., H.Y. Sung, B.A. Primack, J.P. Pierce, and J.D. Sargent: Quantifying Population-Level Health Benefits and Harms of E-Cigarette use in the United States; PLoS One 13 (2018) e0193328. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193328
  72. Vugrin, E.D., B.L. Rostron, S.J. Verzi, N.S. Brodsky, T.J. Brown, C.J. Choiniere, B.N. Coleman, A. Paredes, and B.J. Apelberg: Modeling the Potential Effects of new Tobacco Products and Policies: A Dynamic Population Model for Multiple Product Use and Harm; PLoS One 10 (2015) e0121008. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121008
  73. Warner, K.E. and D. Mendez: E-Cigarettes: Comparing the Possible Risks of Increasing Smoking Initiation With the Potential Benefits of Increasing Smoking Cessation; Nicotine Tob. Res. 21 (2019) 41–47. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty062
Language: English
Page range: 35 - 51
Submitted on: May 27, 2021
Accepted on: Mar 1, 2022
Published on: May 5, 2022
Published by: Institut für Tabakforschung GmbH
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2022 Romana Rytsar, Smilja Djurdjevic, Alexander K. Nussbaum, Ashok Kaul, Emanuel Bennewitz, Peter N. Lee, John S. Fry, published by Institut für Tabakforschung GmbH
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License.