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Robustness of HPHC Reduction in THS 2.2 Aerosol Relative to 3R4F Reference Cigarette Smoke under Extreme Climatic Conditions Cover

Robustness of HPHC Reduction in THS 2.2 Aerosol Relative to 3R4F Reference Cigarette Smoke under Extreme Climatic Conditions

Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research
Volume 30 (2021): Issue 3 (July 2021)
By: ,  ,  ,   and    
Open Access
|Jul 2021
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Ambient conditions representing the climatic zones considered for the study.

Conditions (abbreviation)Temperature (°C)Relative humidity (% RH)
ISOa (S)22 ± 260 ± 5
Hot and Very Humid (H)30 ± 275 ± 5
Hot and Dry (D)30 ± 235 ± 5

a Close to “Subtropical and Mediterranean” conditions 25 °C and 60% RH.

Figure 1

Example of the non-inferiority test used in the determination of threshold of robust reduction across A, B, C, D and E conditions. Error bars delimit 0.95 confidence intervals of the means. The lowest-bound (D) is right above 65% and the considered HPHC therefore belongs to the corresponding threshold category (i.e., ≥65%).

Table 2

Puff count for 3R4F as function of climatic conditions.

Conditions (abbreviation)Puff number mean ± SD (n)
ISO (S)10.58 ± 0.40 (83)
Hot and Very Humid (H)12.26 ± 1.09 (83)
Hot and Dry (D)9.18 ± 0.62 (84)
Figure 2

Average reduction in HPHC in volume-adjusted yields. Comparison of overall relative reduction across various ambient conditions using volume-adjusted values. THS 2.2 aerosol levels are calculated as a percentage of 3R4F cigarette mainstream smoke levels. D, S, and H stand for Dry (Hot and Dry), ISO (Mediterranean), and Humid (Hot and Very Humid) conditions. The respective conditions identified by D, S, and H are described in Table 1. The number of HPHCs (n) considered for calculation of the average reductions varied among the different combinations of conditions.

Figure 3

Average reduction in nicotine-adjusted HPHC yields. Comparison of overall relative reduction across various ambient conditions using nicotine-adjusted values. THS 2.2 aerosol levels are calculated as a percentage of 3R4F cigarette mainstream smoke levels. D, S, and H stand for Dry (Hot and Dry), ISO (Mediterranean), and Humid (Hot and Very Humid) conditions. The respective conditions identified by D, S, and H are described in Table 1. The number of HPHCs (n) considered for calculation of the average reductions varied among the different combinations of conditions.

Table 3

Mean relative reduction (CI95%) and threshold calculated with unvaried 3R4F conditions (ISO climatic). HPHCs (n = 7) impacted by change of reduction threshold between ISO and extreme climatic conditions.

CompoundTHS 2.2 and 3R4F ISO cond. (Threshold)THS 2.2 lowesta 3R4F ISO cond. (Threshold)Lowestb bound
HCN99.4 ± 0.1% (≥99)99.1 ± 0.2% (≥95)D
m-Cresol99.2 ± 0.1% (≥99)99.0 ± 0.2% (≥95)H
Toluene99.2 ± 0.1% (≥99)99.0 ± 0.1% (≥95)H
Acetone95.7 ± 0.6% (≥95)95.2 ± 0.6% (≥90)H
Acetamide78.4 ± 2.0% (≥75)77.16 ± 2.2% (≥70)H
Ammonia68.1 ± 2.7% (≥65)62.1 ± 3.1% (≥55)D
Hg52.7 ± 4.8% (≥45)49.2 ± 5.1% (≥40)D

a Relative reduction corresponding to extreme climatic condition used for testing THS 2.2 which resulted in the lowest-bound value

b Climatic condition used for testing THS 2.2 which resulted in the lowest-bound value.

Abbreviations: CI95% = 95% confidence interval; cond. = conditions; HCN = hydrogen cyanide; Hg = mercury; HPHC = harmful and potentially harmful constituent; D = Hot and Dry; H = Hot and Very Humid

Table 4

Mean differences (CI95%) of volume-adjusted yields in “Hot and Very Humid” relative to ISO climatic conditions.

Compound3R4F (%)THS 2.2 (%)
Acetaldehyde−11 ± 714 ± 15 a
Acetamide−33 ± 96 ± 8 a
Acrylamide−49 ± 10−4 ± 9 a
Ammonia−22 ± 93 ± 7 a
Butyraldehyde−13 ± 86 ± 11 a
Ethylene oxide−11 ± 633 ± 11
Formaldehyde−55 ± 15−11 ± 24 a
Hg−18 ± 117 ± 7.1 a
MEK−13 ± 827 ± 23
NAB−21 ± 71 ± 9 a
Nitrobenzene−59 ± 9−35 ± 6
o-Cresol−62 ± 1240 ± 26
p-Cresol−65 ± 1135 ± 23
Phenol−76 ± 1425 ± 23
Pyridine−18 ± 7−3 ± 5 a

a Uncertainty of the mean equals or exceeds the mean value

Abbreviations: CI95% = 95% confidence interval; MEK = methyl ethyl ketone; Hg = mercury; NAB = N-nitrosoanabasine

Table 5

HPHCs categorized by thresholds of robust reduction: THS 2.2 over all climatic conditions vs. 3R4F ISO climatic conditions.

CompoundsnThreshold
1-Aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, 3-aminobiphenyl, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, benzene, Cd, ethylene oxide, isoprene, p-cresol10≥99
4-Aminobiphenyl, CO, crotonaldehyde, HCN, MEK, m-cresol, NAB, NNK, NNN, NAT, NO, NOx, o-cresol, o-toluidine, Pb, quinoline, resorcinol, styrene, toluene, vinyl chloride20≥95
Acetone, acrolein, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, formaldehyde, hydroquinone, propylene oxide, pyrene9≥90
As, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, phenol4≥85
Catechol, pyridine2≥80
Butyraldehyde, nitrobenzene2≥75
Acetamide1≥70
–0≥65
Acrylamide1≥60
Ammonia1≥55
–0≥50
–0≥45
Hg1≥40
Table 6

HPHCs categorized by thresholds of robust reduction: THS 2.2 vs. 3R4F over all climatic conditions.

CompoundsnThreshold
1-Aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, 3-aminobiphenyl, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, benzene, Cd, isoprene8≥99
4-Aminobiphenyl, CO, crotonaldehyde, ethylene oxide, HCN, m-cresol, NNK, NNN, NAT, NO, NOx, o-toluidine, p-cresol, Pb, quinoline, resorcinol, styrene toluene, vinyl chloride19≥95
Acetone, acrolein, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, hydroquinone, MEK, NAB, o-cresol, propylene oxide, pyrene11≥90
As, propionaldehyde,2≥85
Acetaldehyde, catechol, formaldehyde3≥80
Pyridine1≥75
Butyraldehyde1≥70
–0≥65
Acetamide1≥60
Nitrobenzene1≥55
Ammonia1≥50
–0≥45
–0≥40
Acrylamide, Hg, phenol3<40

[i] Abbreviations: As = arsenic; CO = carbon monoxide; HCN = hydrogen cyanide; Hg = mercury; HPHC = harmful and potentially harmful constituent; MEK = methyl ethyl ketone; NAB = N-nitrosoanabasine; NAT = N-nitrosoanatabine; NNK = 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; NNN = N-nitrosonornicotine; NO = nitrogen oxide; Nox = nitrogen oxides; Pb = lead

Figure 4

Cases substantially impacted by change in the climatic conditions used for smoking the 3R4F reference cigarette. Error bars delimit 0.95 confidence intervals of the respective means. The dashed lines indicate the closest threshold category sitting below the lowest-bound of the confidence intervals considered across all conditions. With the same principle, the solid lines indicate the threshold category defined for THS 2.2 relative to 3R4F under ISO climatic conditions. Threshold categories consist of a series of predefined discrete values. Contiguous graphs were paired by compounds, with relative reduction presented on the left and volume-adjusted yields on the right. The respective conditions identified by D, S, and H are described in Table 1.

Abbreviations: HPHC = harmful and potentially harmful constituent; Hg = mercury.

Appendix A

Mean (± SD) of compound deliveries investigated in 3R4F mainstream smoke and THS 2.2 aerosol, measured under various climatic conditions.

Item3R4FTHS 2.2Unit
Identification35% RH / 3060% RH / 2275% RH / 3035% RH / 3060% RH / 2275% RH / 30
ISO parameters and product-specific constituents
Glycerol2.28 ± 0.152.37 ± 0.212.26 ± 0.194.25 ± 0.204.68 ± 0.294.16 ± 0.16[mg/item]
Nicotine2.01 ± 0.141.91 ± 0.141.41 ± 0.141.46 ± 0.041.42 ± 0.041.24 ± 0.06[mg/item]
NFDPM30.9 ± 1.031.2 ± 1.938.3 ± 1.511.3 ± 1.112.2 ± 0.912.6 ± 1.2[mg/item]
Carbon monoxide26.9 ± 0.730.5 ± 0.931.7 ± 1.10.45 ± 0.040.61 ± 0.020.47 ± 0.02[mg/item]
Ammonia37.8 ± 2.929.2 ± 1.929.1 ± 2.112.5 ± 0.410.5 ± 0.410.8 ± 0.7[μg/item]
Carbonyls
Formaldehyde100.9 ± 11.864.9 ± 5.131.7 ± 1.54.69 ± 0.994.67 ± 0.444.12 ± 0.99[μg/item]
Acetaldehyde1730 ± 501670 ± 901630 ± 100190 ± 16212 ± 20240 ± 28[μg/item]
Acetone758 ± 23746 ± 49707 ± 4536.3 ± 4.837.2 ± 3.841.7 ± 5.3[μg/item]
Acrolein191 ± 6186 ± 11169 ± 139.22 ± 1.399.86 ± 1.4513.25 ± 2.85[μg/item]
Propionaldehyde134 ± 3133 ± 9131 ± 812.4 ± 1.513.9 ± 1.517.3 ± 2.3[μg/item]
Crotonaldehyde51.9 ± 2.350.9 ± 3.947.8 ± 3.31.73 ± 0.231.81 ± 0.202.18 ± 0.39[μg/item]
Methyl ethyl ketone204 ± 6209 ± 17199 ± 137.38 ± 1.027.96 ± 0.9710.01 ± 1.45[μg/item]
Butyraldehyde63.6 ± 2.762.3 ± 4.759.5 ± 4.313.0 ± 1.014.4 ± 1.215.2 ± 1.2[μg/item]
Hydrogen cyanide438 ± 20475 ± 19467 ± 254.74 ± 0.333.09 ± 0.443.04 ± 0.18[μg/item]
Mercury3.70 ± 0.224.44 ± 0.324.08 ± 0.482.42 ± 0.102.25 ± 0.062.41 ± 0.15[ng/item]
Trace metals (except mercury)
Cadmium93.9 ± 6.6101.7 ± 7.1116.6 ± 6.00.13*0.17*0.20*[ng/item]
Lead26.4*26.9 ± 1.130.5 ± 1.60.94*0.49*1.17*[ng/item]
Chromium11.9*17.4*17.4*3.31*3.31*3.31*[ng/item]
Nickel12.9*18.9*12.9*15.9*15.9*15.9*[ng/item]
Arsenic8.23 ± 0.678.63 ± 0.788.94 ± 0.381.24*1.20*1.20*[ng/item]
Selenium4.42*4.42*4.42*0.60*0.71*0.83*[ng/item]
Nitrogen oxides
NO446 ± 26489 ± 16539 ± 5616.3 ± 0.718.3 ± 1.018.2 ± 0.2[μg/item]
NOx483 ± 25538 ± 19601 ± 6617.3 ± 0.719.5 ± 1.219.0 ± 0.4[μg/item]
Volatiles
1,3-Butadiene63.6 ± 1.962.4 ± 3.270.0 ± 2.70.25 ± 0.010.28 ± 0.030.32 ± 0.02[μg/item]
Isoprene804 ± 28841 ± 50919 ± 371.83 ± 0.142.19 ± 0.172.60 ± 0.20[μg/item]
Acrylonitrile30.6 ± 1.132.4 ± 1.132.7 ± 1.20.18 ± 0.020.17 ± 0.030.19 ± 0.03[μg/item]
Benzene97.8 ± 3.4101.8 ± 3.8106.5 ± 3.20.59 ± 0.030.60 ± 0.030.61 ± 0.02[μg/item]
Toluene185 ± 7198 ± 7209 ± 81.85 ± 0.122.11 ± 0.162.25 ± 0.15[μg/item]
Semi-volatiles
Pyridine35.7 ± 3.138.3 ± 1.334.7 ± 2.25.76 ± 0.347.47 ± 0.257.26 ± 0.23[μg/item]
Quinoline0.51 ± 0.050.48 ± 0.030.32*0.013*0.013*0.013*[μg/item]
Styrene23.0 ± 1.125.7 ± 0.926.5 ± 1.30.62 ± 0.030.64 ± 0.030.69 ± 0.03[μg/item]
Nitrobenzene0.43 ± 0.030.52 ± 0.040.30 ± 0.020.087 ± 0.0040.134 ± 0.0080.087 ± 0.007[μg/item]
Phenols and acid derivatives
Hydroquinone76.2 ± 4.384.1 ± 1.496.5 ± 2.15.45 ± 0.857.75 ± 0.558.67 ± 0.81[μg/item]
Resorcinol1.70 ± 0.081.87 ± 0.051.94 ± 0.030.029 ± 0.0040.039 ± 0.0040.056 ± 0.008[μg/item]
Catechol91.7 ± 6.189.7 ± 1.679.2 ± 1.411.7 ± 1.314.9 ± 0.815.6 ± 1.3[μg/item]
Phenol19.69 ± 2.6713.94 ± 1.253.39 ± 0.451.45 ± 0.321.50 ± 0.171.86 ± 0.12[μg/item]
p-Cresol11.77 ± 1.449.80 ± 0.703.60 ± 0.350.069 ± 0.0130.071 ± 0.0080.096 ± 0.009[μg/item]
m-Cresol4.57 ± 0.553.81 ± 0.281.43 ± 0.120.033 ± 0.0060.035 ± 0.0040.046 ± 0.003[μg/item]
o-Cresol5.95 ± 0.774.91 ± 0.411.94 ± 0.190.067 ± 0.0150.082 ± 0.0090.114 ± 0.012[μg/item]
Acetamide11.80 ± 1.0012.84 ± 0.518.85 ± 0.992.78 ± 0.263.21 ± 0.113.38 ± 0.17[μg/item]
Acrylamide4.69 ± 0.504.42 ± 0.262.34 ± 0.291.57 ± 0.151.75 ± 0.091.68 ± 0.07[μg/item]
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Pyrene89.1 ± 7.080.8 ± 2.6102.5 ± 10.57.27 ± 1.315.66 ± 0.495.85 ± 1.02[ng/item]
Benzo[a]anthracene28.5 ± 1.726.8 ± 1.930.2 ± 2.51.51 ± 0.281.39 ± 0.081.39 ± 0.16[ng/item]
Benzo[a]pyrene14.5 ± 0.912.9 ± 1.016.1 ± 1.61.03*1.00*1.00*[ng/item]
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene1.47 ± 0.141.43 ± 0.131.53 ± 0.180.10*0.10*0.10*[ng/item]
Epoxides and vinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride76.8 ± 4.283.0 ± 2.786.9 ± 4.23.73*3.73*3.73*[ng/item]
Ethylene oxide32.5 ± 1.436.0 ± 1.237.1 ± 2.60.27 ± 0.010.27 ± 0.010.35 ± 0.03[μg/item]
Propylene oxide1.47 ± 0.041.64 ± 0.061.73 ± 0.050.13 ± 0.000.15 ± 0.010.16 ± 0.02[μg/item]
Aromatic amines
1-Aminonaphthalene17.1 ± 1.118.7 ± 1.020.8 ± 1.60.070*0.070*0.070*[ng/item]
2-Aminonaphthalene10.7 ± 0.411.9 ± 0.916.0 ± 1.30.017*0.016*0.088*[ng/item]
3-Aminobiphenyl3.41 ± 0.163.80 ± 0.275.13 ± 0.610.029*0.029*0.029*[ng/item]
4-Aminobiphenyl2.58 ± 0.102.96 ± 0.174.08 ± 0.550.032 ± 0.0130.047*0.073 ± 0.018[ng/item]
o-Toluidine96.3 ± 16.494.7 ± 9.278.5 ± 3.30.65 ± 0.261.14 ± 0.090.62 ± 0.48[ng/item]
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines
NNN321 ± 37279 ± 9219 ± 174.91 ± 0.305.38 ± 0.285.17 ± 0.30[ng/item]
NAT326 ± 12282 ± 14226 ± 1711.3 ± 0.911.8 ± 0.710.6 ± 0.5[ng/item]
NAB40.1 ± 1.934.2 ± 2.128.1 ± 1.71.73 ± 0.131.75 ± 0.111.77 ± 0.09[ng/item]
NNK278 ± 22276 ± 21214 ± 175.52 ± 0.555.90 ± 0.525.47 ± 0.33[ng/item]

[i] Abbreviations: NAB = N-nitrosoanabasine; NAT = N-nitrosoanatabine; NNK = 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; NNN = N-nitrosonornicotine; NO = nitrogen oxide; NOx = nitrogen oxides; NFDPM = nicotine free dry particulate matter; SD = standard deviation For results <LOD, the values used in the calculation of mean and standard deviation were estimated by the LOD; for results <LOQ but >LOD, the values were estimated by the LOQ.

[ii] An asterisk (*) indicates when more than two out of five replicate values were below LOQ and standard deviation is not reported.

Appendix B

Mean (± SD) of nicotine-adjusted yields of compounds investigated in 3R4F mainstream smoke and THS 2.2 aerosol, measured under various climatic conditions.

Item3R4FTHS 2.2Unit
Identification35% RH / 3060% RH / 2275% RH / 3035% RH / 3060% RH / 2275% RH / 30
ISO parameters and product-specific constituents
Glycerol1.13 ± 0.081.24 ± 0.111.61 ± 0.132.91 ± 0.143.29 ± 0.203.37 ± 0.13[mg/item/mg nicotine]
Nicotine1.00 ± 0.071.00 ± 0.071.00 ± 0.101.00 ± 0.031.00 ± 0.031.00 ± 0.05[mg/item/mg nicotine]
NFDPM15.4 ± 0.516.4 ± 1.027.2 ± 1.17.73 ± 0.798.60 ± 0.6410.22 ± 0.99[mg/item/mg nicotine]
Carbon monoxide13.4 ± 0.416.0 ± 0.522.5 ± 0.80.31 ± 0.030.43 ± 0.010.38 ± 0.02[mg/item/mg nicotine]
Ammonia18.8 ± 1.415.3 ± 1.020.6 ± 1.58.53 ± 0.277.40 ± 0.288.72 ± 0.54[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Carbonyls
Formaldehyde50.2 ± 5.934.0 ± 2.722.5 ± 1.13.21 ± 0.683.29 ± 0.313.34 ± 0.80[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Acetaldehyde863 ± 24875 ± 461154 ± 74130 ± 11149 ± 14194 ± 22[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Acetone378 ± 11391 ± 26502 ± 3224.9 ± 3.326.2 ± 2.733.7 ± 4.3[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Acrolein95.1 ± 3.097.5 ± 5.9120.0 ± 9.36.31 ± 0.956.94 ± 1.0210.72 ± 2.31[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Propionaldehyde66.9 ± 1.369.7 ± 4.992.8 ± 5.88.46 ± 1.019.81 ± 1.0413.98 ± 1.84[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Crotonaldehyde25.9 ± 1.126.7 ± 2.133.9 ± 2.31.19 ± 0.161.27 ± 0.141.77 ± 0.32[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Methyl ethyl ketone102 ± 3110 ± 9141 ± 95.05 ± 0.705.60 ± 0.688.10 ± 1.17[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Butyraldehyde31.7 ± 1.332.6 ± 2.542.2 ± 3.18.90 ± 0.6510.12 ± 0.8112.30 ± 0.97[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Hydrogen cyanide218 ± 10249 ± 10331 ± 183.24 ± 0.232.17 ± 0.312.46 ± 0.14[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Mercury1.84 ± 0.112.33 ± 0.172.89 ± 0.341.66 ± 0.071.58 ± 0.041.95 ± 0.12[ng/item/mg nicotine]
Trace metals (except mercury)
Cadmium46.8 ± 3.353.3 ± 3.782.7 ± 4.20.088*0.117*0.165*[ng/item/mg nicotine]
Lead13.1*14.1 ± 0.621.6 ± 1.10.64*0.34*0.95*[ng/item/mg nicotine]
Chromium5.93*9.14*12.38*2.27*2.33*2.68*[ng/item/mg nicotine]
Nickel6.42*9.92*9.15*10.9*11.2*12.9*[ng/item/mg nicotine]
Arsenic4.10 ± 0.334.52 ± 0.416.34 ± 0.270.85*0.84*0.97*[ng/item/mg nicotine]
Selenium2.20*2.32*3.14*0.41*0.50*0.67*[ng/item/mg nicotine]
Nitrogen oxides
NO222 ± 13256 ± 9382 ± 4011.2 ± 0.512.8 ± 0.714.8 ± 0.2[μg/item/mg nicotine]
NOx241 ± 12282 ± 10426 ± 4711.8 ± 0.513.7 ± 0.815.4 ± 0.3[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Phenols and acid derivatives
Hydroquinone38.0 ± 2.244.1 ± 0.768.5 ± 1.53.73 ± 0.585.46 ± 0.397.02 ± 0.65[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Resorcinol0.85 ± 0.040.98 ± 0.021.38 ± 0.020.020 ± 0.0030.027 ± 0.0030.046 ± 0.006[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Catechol45.7 ± 3.047.0 ± 0.856.2 ± 1.08.03 ± 0.8810.50 ± 0.5512.61 ± 1.01[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Phenol9.81 ± 1.337.30 ± 0.652.41 ± 0.320.99 ± 0.221.06 ± 0.121.51 ± 0.09[μg/item/mg nicotine]
p-Cresol5.86 ± 0.725.13 ± 0.372.55 ± 0.250.047 ± 0.0090.050 ± 0.0050.078 ± 0.007[μg/item/mg nicotine]
m-Cresol2.28 ± 0.282.00 ± 0.151.01 ± 0.090.022 ± 0.0040.024 ± 0.0030.037 ± 0.003[μg/item/mg nicotine]
o-Cresol2.96 ± 0.382.58 ± 0.211.38 ± 0.130.046 ± 0.0110.058 ± 0.0060.092 ± 0.010[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Acetamide5.87 ± 0.506.73 ± 0.276.28 ± 0.711.90 ± 0.182.26 ± 0.082.74 ± 0.14[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Acrylamide2.34 ± 0.252.32 ± 0.131.66 ± 0.211.08 ± 0.111.23 ± 0.061.36 ± 0.06[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Pyrene44.4 ± 3.542.4 ± 1.472.7 ± 7.44.98 ± 0.903.98 ± 0.354.74 ± 0.82[ng/item/mg nicotine]
Benzo[a]anthracene14.2 ± 0.914.1 ± 1.021.4 ± 1.81.04 ± 0.190.98 ± 0.061.12 ± 0.13[ng/item/mg nicotine]
Benzo[a]pyrene7.21 ± 0.476.74 ± 0.5311.46 ± 1.120.70*0.70*0.81*[ng/item/mg nicotine]
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene0.73 ± 0.070.75 ± 0.071.08 ± 0.130.068*0.070*0.081*[ng/item/mg nicotine]
Volatiles
1,3-Butadiene31.7 ± 1.032.7 ± 1.749.7 ± 1.90.17 ± 0.010.20 ± 0.020.26 ± 0.02[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Isoprene401 ± 14441 ± 26652 ± 261.25 ± 0.101.54 ± 0.122.10 ± 0.16[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Acrylonitrile15.2 ± 0.617.0 ± 0.623.2 ± 0.90.12 ± 0.010.12 ± 0.020.15 ± 0.02[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Benzene48.7 ± 1.753.3 ± 2.075.6 ± 2.30.40 ± 0.020.42 ± 0.020.50 ± 0.02[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Toluene92.3 ± 3.4104.0 ± 3.9148.4 ± 6.01.26 ± 0.081.48 ± 0.111.82 ± 0.12[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Semi-volatiles
Pyridine17.8 ± 1.520.1 ± 0.724.6 ± 1.63.95 ± 0.235.26 ± 0.185.88 ± 0.18[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Quinoline0.25 ± 0.020.25 ± 0.010.23*0.0089*0.0091*0.0105*[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Styrene11.5 ± 0.513.5 ± 0.518.8 ± 0.90.42 ± 0.020.45 ± 0.020.56 ± 0.02[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Nitrobenzene0.21 ± 0.020.27 ± 0.020.21 ± 0.010.060 ± 0.0030.094 ± 0.0050.071 ± 0.005[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Epoxides and vinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride38.2 ± 2.143.5 ± 1.461.7 ± 3.02.55*2.62*3.02*[ng/item/mg nicotine]
Ethylene oxide16.2 ± 0.718.9 ± 0.626.4 ± 1.80.18 ± 0.010.19 ± 0.010.29 ± 0.02[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Propylene oxide0.73 ± 0.020.86 ± 0.031.23 ± 0.030.088 ± 0.0030.109 ± 0.0060.126 ± 0.012[μg/item/mg nicotine]
Aromatic amines
1-Aminonaphthalene8.50 ± 0.549.79 ± 0.5014.73 ± 1.170.048*0.049*0.057*[ng/item/mg nicotine]
2-Aminonaphthalene5.34 ± 0.226.26 ± 0.4611.34 ± 0.900.011*0.011*0.071*[ng/item/mg nicotine]
3-Aminobiphenyl1.70 ± 0.081.99 ± 0.143.64 ± 0.430.020*0.020*0.023*[ng/item/mg nicotine]
4-Aminobiphenyl1.29 ± 0.051.55 ± 0.092.90 ± 0.390.022 ± 0.0090.033*0.059 ± 0.014[ng/item/mg nicotine]
o-Toluidine47.9 ± 8.249.6 ± 4.855.7 ± 2.30.44 ± 0.180.81 ± 0.060.50 ± 0.38[ng/item/mg nicotine]
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines
NNN160 ± 19146 ± 5155 ± 123.36 ± 0.213.79 ± 0.204.19 ± 0.25[ng/item/mg nicotine]
NAT162 ± 6148 ± 8160 ± 127.75 ± 0.638.34 ± 0.468.57 ± 0.37[ng/item/mg nicotine]
NAB20.0 ± 0.917.9 ± 1.119.9 ± 1.21.18 ± 0.091.23 ± 0.081.43 ± 0.08[ng/item/mg nicotine]
NNK138 ± 11145 ± 11152 ± 123.78 ± 0.384.15 ± 0.374.43 ± 0.27[ng/item/mg nicotine]

[i] Abbreviations: NAB = N-nitrosoanabasine; NAT = N-nitrosoanatabine; NNK = 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; NNN = N-nitrosonornicotine; NO = nitrogen oxide; NOx = nitrogen oxides; NFDPM = nicotine free dry particulate matter; SD = standard deviation For results <LOD, the values used in the calculation of mean and standard deviation were estimated by the LOD; for results <LOQ but >LOD, the values were estimated by the LOQ.

[ii] An asterisk (*) indicates when more than two out of five replicate values were below LOQ and standard deviation is not reported.

Appendix C

Mean (± SD) of volume-adjusted yields of compounds investigated in 3R4F mainstream smoke and THS 2.2 aerosol, measured under various climatic conditions.

Item3R4FTHS 2.2Unit
Identification35% RH / 3060% RH / 2275% RH / 3035% RH / 3060% RH / 2275% RH / 30
ISO parameters and product-specific constituents
Glycerol4.56 ± 0.384.13 ± 0.383.17 ± 0.216.43 ± 0.307.09 ± 0.446.30 ± 0.25[μg/mL]
Nicotine4.02 ± 0.313.32 ± 0.251.97 ± 0.152.21 ± 0.062.15 ± 0.071.87 ± 0.09[μg/mL]
NFDPM61.8 ± 2.454.3 ± 2.253.8 ± 3.917.1 ± 1.718.5 ± 1.419.1 ± 1.9[μg/mL]
Carbon monoxide53.8 ± 2.753.0 ± 0.844.4 ± 2.00.69 ± 0.060.93 ± 0.020.71 ± 0.03[μg/mL]
Ammonia71.2 ± 4.749.9 ± 3.238.8 ± 2.918.9 ± 0.615.9 ± 0.616.3 ± 1.0[ng/mL]
Carbonyls
Formaldehyde207.6 ± 25.8114.1 ± 9.550.7 ± 3.97.10 ± 1.507.08 ± 0.676.25 ± 1.49[ng/mL]
Acetaldehyde3560 ± 2002930 ± 1102600 ± 150287 ± 24321 ± 30363 ± 42[ng/mL]
Acetone1560 ± 1001310 ± 601130 ± 7055.1 ± 7.356.4 ± 5.863.2 ± 8.1[ng/mL]
Acrolein393 ± 19327 ± 18270 ± 1814.0 ± 2.114.9 ± 2.220.1 ± 4.3[ng/mL]
Propionaldehyde277 ± 19233 ± 11209 ± 1318.7 ± 2.221.1 ± 2.226.2 ± 3.4[ng/mL]
Crotonaldehyde106.8 ± 6.489.4 ± 5.576.2 ± 5.62.63 ± 0.352.74 ± 0.303.31 ± 0.59[ng/mL]
Methyl ethyl ketone420 ± 22367 ± 22317 ± 2111.2 ± 1.512.1 ± 1.515.2 ± 2.2[ng/mL]
Butyraldehyde130.8 ± 7.8109.3 ± 5.595.0 ± 6.719.7 ± 1.421.8 ± 1.823.0 ± 1.8[ng/mL]
Hydrogen cyanide998 ± 255807 ± 67720 ± 287.18 ± 0.514.68 ± 0.674.61 ± 0.27[ng/mL]
Mercury6.40 ± 0.467.23 ± 0.775.89 ± 0.713.67 ± 0.163.41 ± 0.093.65 ± 0.23[pg/mL]
Trace metals (except mercury)
Cadmium182 ± 14176 ± 13176 ± 110.19*0.25*0.31*[pg/mL]
Lead51.0*43.5 ± 8.546.0 ± 2.51.43*0.74*1.77*[pg/mL]
Chromium23.0*30.2*26.1*5.02*5.02*5.02*[pg/mL]
Nickel25.0*32.8*19.5*24.1*24.1*24.1*[pg/mL]
Arsenic15.9 ± 1.214.9 ± 1.413.5 ± 0.61.87*1.82*1.82*[pg/mL]
Selenium8.55*7.64*6.67*0.91*1.08*1.26*[pg/mL]
Nitrogen oxides
NO814 ± 60820 ± 39752 ± 6424.7 ± 1.027.7 ± 1.527.6 ± 0.3[ng/mL]
NOx882 ± 59901 ± 42839 ± 7726.2 ± 1.029.6 ± 1.828.9 ± 0.5[ng/mL]
Phenols and acid derivatives
Hydroquinone156 ± 8147 ± 3163 ± 48.25 ± 1.2911.75 ± 0.8413.14 ± 1.22[ng/mL]
Resorcinol3.48 ± 0.213.28 ± 0.093.26 ± 0.030.044 ± 0.0060.058 ± 0.0050.086 ± 0.012[ng/mL]
Catechol188 ± 12157 ± 4133 ± 317.8 ± 1.922.6 ± 1.223.6 ± 1.9[ng/mL]
Phenol40.25 ± 5.0324.41 ± 2.415.73 ± 0.892.20 ± 0.492.28 ± 0.272.82 ± 0.18[ng/mL]
p-cresol24.06 ± 2.7317.15 ± 1.386.07 ± 0.750.10 ± 0.020.11 ± 0.010.15 ± 0.01[ng/mL]
m-Cresol9.35 ± 1.046.67 ± 0.552.41 ± 0.260.050 ± 0.0100.053 ± 0.0060.070 ± 0.005[ng/mL]
o-Cresol12.17 ± 1.468.61 ± 0.793.28 ± 0.400.10 ± 0.020.12 ± 0.010.17 ± 0.02[ng/mL]
Acetamide24.1 ± 2.022.5 ± 1.114.9 ± 2.04.21 ± 0.394.86 ± 0.175.13 ± 0.25[ng/mL]
Acrylamide9.60 ± 0.947.74 ± 0.493.95 ± 0.582.38 ± 0.232.65 ± 0.142.55 ± 0.11[ng/mL]
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Pyrene161 ± 8139 ± 7148 ± 1511.02 ± 1.988.57 ± 0.758.87 ± 1.54[pg/mL]
Benzo[a]anthracene51.6 ± 1.446.0 ± 4.143.6 ± 3.72.29 ± 0.422.11 ± 0.122.10 ± 0.25[pg/mL]
Benzo[a]pyrene26.2 ± 1.022.1 ± 2.223.3 ± 2.31.55*1.52*1.52*[pg/mL]
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene2.66 ± 0.192.45 ± 0.262.20 ± 0.260.15*0.15*0.15*[pg/mL]
Volatiles
1,3-Butadiene134 ± 4109 ± 4111 ± 40.38 ± 0.020.42 ± 0.040.48 ± 0.03[ng/mL]
Isoprene1690 ± 601470 ± 801450 ± 202.78 ± 0.223.32 ± 0.263.93 ± 0.31[ng/mL]
Acrylonitrile64.3 ± 1.656.8 ± 1.551.7 ± 2.60.27 ± 0.030.25 ± 0.040.29 ± 0.04[ng/mL]
Benzene206 ± 6178 ± 5169 ± 80.90 ± 0.040.91 ± 0.050.93 ± 0.04[ng/mL]
Toluene390 ± 13347 ± 7331 ± 202.80 ± 0.183.20 ± 0.243.41 ± 0.22[ng/mL]
Semi-volatiles
Pyridine74.9 ± 3.667.1 ± 1.554.9 ± 4.78.73 ± 0.5111.32 ± 0.3811.01 ± 0.34[ng/mL]
Quinoline1.07 ± 0.080.83 ± 0.030.50*0.020*0.020*0.020*[ng/mL]
Styrene48.4 ± 2.045.0 ± 1.242.0 ± 2.80.94 ± 0.050.97 ± 0.041.05 ± 0.05[ng/mL]
Nitrobenzene0.90 ± 0.100.90 ± 0.080.37 ± 0.020.13 ± 0.010.20 ± 0.010.13 ± 0.01[ng/mL]
Epoxides and vinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride156 ± 9142 ± 4128 ± 65.65*5.65*5.65*[pg/mL]
Ethylene oxide66.2 ± 3.261.6 ± 1.854.7 ± 3.10.41 ± 0.020.40 ± 0.020.54 ± 0.04[ng/mL]
Propylene oxide3.35 ± 0.082.82 ± 0.062.64 ± 0.160.20 ± 0.010.23 ± 0.010.24 ± 0.02[ng/mL]
Aromatic amines
1-Aminonaphthalene34.7 ± 2.131.6 ± 1.629.6 ± 2.50.11*0.11*0.11*[pg/mL]
2-Aminonaphthalene21.8 ± 0.920.2 ± 1.522.7 ± 1.50.025*0.024*0.133*[pg/mL]
3-Aminobiphenyl6.94 ± 0.366.44 ± 0.457.29 ± 0.720.044*0.044*0.044*[pg/mL]
4-Aminobiphenyl5.26 ± 0.185.02 ± 0.285.80 ± 0.670.048 ± 0.0200.071*0.111 ± 0.027[pg/mL]
o-Toluidine196 ± 34160 ± 17112 ± 50.98 ± 0.391.73 ± 0.140.94 ± 0.72[pg/mL]
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines
NNN635 ± 74479 ± 24363 ± 297.44 ± 0.468.15 ± 0.437.84 ± 0.46[pg/mL]
NAT645 ± 27484 ± 32375 ± 3017.1 ± 1.418.0 ± 1.016.1 ± 0.7[pg/mL]
NAB79.3 ± 2.958.6 ± 4.546.5 ± 3.02.62 ± 0.192.65 ± 0.162.68 ± 0.14[pg/mL]
NNK550 ± 44474 ± 45355 ± 298.36 ± 0.848.94 ± 0.798.29 ± 0.50[pg/mL]

[i] Abbreviations: NAB = N-nitrosoanabasine; NAT = N-nitrosoanatabine; NNK = 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; NNN = N-nitrosonornicotine; NO = nitrogen oxide; NOx = nitrogen oxides; NFDPM = nicotine free dry particulate matter; SD = standard deviation For results <LOD, the values used in the calculation of mean and standard deviation were estimated by the LOD; for results <LOQ but >LOD, the values were estimated by the LOQ.

[ii] An asterisk (*) indicates when more than two out of five replicate values were below LOQ and standard deviation is not reported.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2021-0008 | Journal eISSN: 2719-9509 (formerly 1612-9237)
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English, French, German
Page range: 109 - 126
Submitted on: Dec 4, 2020
Accepted on: Mar 30, 2021
Published on: Jul 17, 2021
Published by: Beiträge zur Tabakforschung GmbH
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
Tobacco Heating System,
THS 2.2,
reduced-risk product,
harmful and potentially harmful constituent,
HPHC aerosol chemistry
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Life sciences, other

© 2021 Laurent Poget, Catherine Goujon, Samuel Kleinhans, Serge Maeder, Jean-Pierre Schaller, published by Beiträge zur Tabakforschung GmbH
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License.

Volume 30 (2021): Issue 3 (July 2021)
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