References
- Rodgman, A: Environmental Tobacco Smoke; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 16 (1992) 223–244. DOI: 10.1016/0273-2300(92)90003-r
- Soule, E.K., S.F. Maloney, T.R. Spindle, A.K. Rudy, M.M. Hiler, and C.O. Cobb: Electronic Cigarette Use and Indoor Air Quality in a Natural Setting; Tob. Control 26 (2017) 109–112. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052772
- World Health Organization (WHO) Study Group on Tobacco Regulation: Tobreg Scientific Recommendation: Devices Designed for the Purpose of Nicotine Delivery to the Respiratory System in Which Tobacco is not Necessary for Their Operation; in: Report on the Scientific Basis of Product Regulation: Third Report of a WHO Study Group. WHO Technical Report Series 955; WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2009, pp. 3–13.
- Farsalinos, K.E. and R. Polosa: Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of Electronic Cigarettes as Tobacco Cigarette Substitutes: A Systematic Review; Ther. Adv. Drug Saf. 5 (2014) 67–86. DOI: 10.1177/2042098614524430
- Abrams, D.B. and R. Niaura: The Importance of Science-Informed Policy and what the Data Really Tell us About E-cigarettes; Isr. J. Health Policy Res. 4 (2015) 22. DOI: 10.1186/s13584-015-0021-z
- Goniewicz, M.L., J. Knysak, M. Gawron, L. Kosmider, A. Sobczak, J. Kurek, A. Prokopowicz, M. Jablonska-Czapla, C. Rosik-Dulewska, C. Havel, P. Jacob III, and N. Benowitz: Levels of Selected Carcinogens and Toxicants in Vapour from Electronic Cigarettes; Tob. Control 23 (2014) 133–139. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859
- Hajek, P., J.F. Etter, N. Benowitz, T. Eissenberg, and H. McRobbie: Electronic Cigarettes: Review of Use, Content, Safety, Effects on Smokers and Potential for Harm and Benefit; Addiction 109 (2014) 1801–1810. DOI: 10.1111/add.12659
- Hecht, S.S., S.G. Carmella, D. Kotandeniya, M.E. Pillsbury, M. Chen, B.W. Ransom, R.I. Vogel, E. Thompson, S.E. Murphy, and D.K. Hatsukami: Evaluation of Toxicant and Carcinogen Metabolites in the Urine of E-cigarette Users Versus Cigarette Smokers; Nicotine Tob. Res. 17 (2015) 704–709. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu218
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS): The Health Consequences of Smoking – 50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2014. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK179276/ (accessed February 2021)
- Marcham, C.L. and J.P. Springston: Electronic Cigarettes in the Indoor Environment; Rev. Environ. Health 34 (2019) 105–124. DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2019-0012
- Belushkin, M., D.T. Djoko, M. Esposito, A. Korneliou, C. Jeannet, M. Lazzerini, and G. Jaccard: Selected Harmful and Potentially Harmful Consitutents Levels in Commercial E-cigarettes; Chem. Res. Toxicol. 33 (2019) 657–668. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00470
- van Drooge, B., E. Marco, N. Perez, and J.O. Grimalt: Influence of Electronic Cigarette Vaping on the Composition of Indoor Organic Pollutants, Particles, and Exhaled Breath of Bystanders; Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 26 (2018) 4654–4666. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3975-x
- Burstyn, I.: Peering Through the Mist: Systematic Review of what the Chemistry of Contaminants in Electronic Cigarettes Tells us About Health Risks; BMC Public Health 14 (2014) 18. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-18
- Chang, H.: Research Gaps Related to the Environmental Impacts of Electronic Cigarettes; Tob. Control 23, Suppl. 2 (2014) ii54–ii58. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051480
- Melstrom, P., B. Koszowski, M.H. Thanner, E. Hoh, B. King, R. Bunnell, and T. McAfee: Measuring PM2.5, Ultrafine Particles, Nicotine Air and Wipe Samples Following the Use of Electronic Cigarettes; Nicotine Tob. Res. 19 (2017) 1055–1061. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx058
- O’Connell, G., S. Colard, X. Cahours, and J.D. Pritchard: An Assessment of Indoor Air Quality Before, During and After Unrestricted Use of E-cigarettes in a Small Room; Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 12 (2015) 4889–4907. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120504889
- Geiss, O., I. Bianchi, F. Barahona, and J. Barrero-Moreno: Characterisation of Mainstream and Passive Vapours Emitted by Selected Electronic Cigarettes; Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 218 (2015) 169–180. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.10.001
- Maloney, J.C., M.K. Thompson, M.J. Oldham, C.L. Stiff, P.D. Lilly, G.J. Patskan, K.H. Shafer, and M.A. Sarkar: Insights from Two Industrial Hygiene Pilot E-cigarette Passive Vaping Studies; J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 13 (2016) 275–283. DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1116693
- Zainol Abidin, N., E. Zainal Abidin, A. Zulkifli, K. Karuppiah, S.N. Syed Ismail, and A.S. Amer Nordin: Electronic Cigarettes and Indoor Air Quality: A Review of Studies Using Human Volunteers; Rev. Environ. Health 32 (2017) 235–244. DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2016-0059
- Czogala, J., M.L. Goniewicz, B. Fidelus, W. Zielinska-Danch, M.J. Travers, and A. Sobczak: Secondhand Exposure to Vapors from Electronic Cigarettes; Nicotine Tob. Res. 16 (2014) 655–662. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt203
- Saffari, A., N. Daher, A. Ruprecht, C. De Marco, P. Pozzi, R. Boffi, S.H. Hamad, M.M. Shafer, J.J. Schauer, D. Westerdahl, and C. Sioutas: Particulate Metals and Organic Compounds from Electronic and Tobacco-Containing Cigarettes: Comparison of Emission Rates and Secondhand Exposure; Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts 16 (2014) 2259–2267. DOI: 10.1039/c4em00415a
- Rupprecht, A.A., C. De Marco, A. Saffari, P. Pozzi, R. Mazza, C. Veronese, G. Angellotti, E. Munarini, A.C. Ogliari, D. Westerdahl, S. Hasheminassab, M.M. Shafer, J.J. Schauer, J. Repace, C. Sioutas, and R. Boffi: Environmental Pollution and Emission Factors of Electronic Cigarettes, Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Products, and Conventional Cigarettes; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 51 (2017) 674–684. DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2017.1300231
- Protano, C., M. Manigrasso, V. Cammalleri, G.B. Zoccai, G. Frati, P. Avino, and M. Vitali: Impact of Electronic Alternatives to Tobacco Cigarettes on Indoor Air Particular Matter Levels; Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (2020) E2947. DOI: 10:3390/ijerph17082947
- Sadvie, J., N. Canha, N. Buitrago, and S.M. Almeida: Passive Exporure to Pollutants from a New Generation of Cigarettes in Real Life Scenarios; Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (2020) 3455. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103455
- Ballbè, M., J.M. Martinez-Sanchez, X. Sureda, M. Fu, R. Pérez-Ortuño, J.A. Pascual, E. Saltó, and E. Fernandez: Cigarettes vs. E-cigarettes: Passive Exposure at Home Measured by Means of Airborne Marker and Biomarkers; Environ. Res. 135 (2014) 76–80. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.005
- Schober, W., K. Szendrei, W. Matzen, H. Osiander-Fuchs, D. Heitmann, T. Schettgen, R.A. Jörres, and A. Fromme: Use of Electronic Cigarettes (E-cigarettes) Impairs Indoor Air Quality and Increases FeNO Levels of E-cigarette Consumers; Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 217 (2014) 628–637. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.11.003
- Johnson, J.M., L.P. Naeher, X. Yu, S.L. Rathbun, J.L. Muilenburg, and J.S. Wang: Air Monitoring at Large Public Electronic Cigarette Events; Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 221 (2018) 541–547. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.02.003
- Nelson, P.R., S.P. Kelly, and F.W. Conrad: Studies of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Generated by Different Cigarettes; J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 48 (1998) 336–344. DOI: 10.1080/10473289.1998.10463685
- Schripp, T., D. Markewitz, E. Uhde, and T. Salthammer: Does E-cigarette Consumption Cause Passive Vaping?; Indoor Air 23 (2013) 25–31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00792.x
- Liu, J., Q. Liang, M.J. Oldham, A.A. Rostami, K.A. Wagner, I.G. Gillman, P. Patel, R. Savioz, and M. Sarkar: Determination of Selected Chemical Levels in Room Air and on Surfaces After the Use of Cartridge- and Tank-Based E-Vapor Products or Conventional Cigarettes; Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14 (2017) E969. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14090969
- Martin, P., D.L. Heavner, P.R. Nelson, K.C. Maiolo, C.H. Risner, P.S. Simmons, W.T. Morgan, and M.W. Ogden: Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS): A Market Cigarette Study; Environ. Int. 23 (1997) 75–90. DOI: 10.1016/S0160-4120(96)00079-7
- Wells Fargo Securities: Nielsen: Tobacco All Channel Data Thru 8/11 – Cig Vol Decelerates. Available at: https://athra.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Wells-Fargo-Nielsen-Tobacco-All-Channel-Report-Period-Ending-8.11.18.pdf (accessed February 2021)
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in Tobacco Products and Tobacco Smoke, Established List; FDA, 2012. Available at: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2012/04/03/2012-7727/harmful-and-potentially-harmful-constituents-in-tobacco-products-and-tobacco-smoke-established-list (accessed February 2021)
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), and Center for Vetinary Medicine (CVM): Bioanalytical Method Validation. Guidance for Industry; 2018. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/files/drugs/published/Bioanalytical-Method-Validation-Guidance-for-Industry.pdf (accessed February 2021)
- European Medicines Agency (EMA): Guideline on Validation of Bioanalytical Methods; London, UK, 2015. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-bioanalytical-method-validation_en.pdf (accessed February 2021)
- U.S. Enivronmental Protection Agency (EPA): Compendium Method TO-17. Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air Using Active Sampling onto Sorbent Tubes; EPA, Cincinnati, OH, USA, 1999. Available at: https://www3.epa.gov/ttnamti1/files/ambient/airtox/to-17r.pdf (accessed February 2021)
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): Formaldehyde, Method No. 2016. in: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods; 4th Edition, 2003. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/pdfs/2016.pdf (accessed February 2021)
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): Ammonia by IC, Method No. 6016; in: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods; 4th Edition, 2003. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2014-151/pdfs/methods/3800.pdf (accessed February 2021)
- U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): Hydroquinone. Method PV2094; OSHA, Washington, DC, USA, 1994. Available at: https://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/partial/pv2094/pv2094.html (accessed February 2021)
- Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco CORESTA: Recommended Method No. 50. Environmental Tobacco Smoke – Determination of Nicotine and 3-Ethenylpyridine in the Vapor Phase; Paris, France, 2002. Available at: https://www.coresta.org/sites/default/files/technical_documents/main/CRM_50.pdf (accessed February 2021)
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): Particulates not Otherwise Regulated, Total; in: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th Edition, 2003. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2014-151/pdfs/methods/0501.pdf (accessed February 2021)
- Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco CORESTA: Recommended Method No. 52. Environmental Tobacco Smoke – Estimation of its Contribution to Respirable Suspended Particles. Method Based on Solanesol Determination; Paris, France, 2002. Available at: https://www.coresta.org/sites/default/files/technical_documents/main/CRM_52_0.pdf (accessed February 2021)
- Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco CORESTA: Recommended Method No. 51. Environmental Tobacco Smoke – Estimation of its Contribution to Respirable Suspended Particles – Determination of Particulate Matter by Ultraviolet Absorbance and by Fluorescence; Paris, France, 2003. Available at: https://www.coresta.org/sites/default/files/technical_documents/main/CRM_51_0.pdf (accessed February 2021)
- Riess, U., U. Tegtbur, C. Fauck, F. Fuhrmann, D. Markewitz, and T. Salthammer: Experimental Setup and Analytical Methods for the Non-Invasive Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds, Formaldehyde and NOx in Exhaled Human Breath; Anal. Chim. Acta 669 (2010) 53–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.04.049
- Wallace, L.A. and E.D. Pellizzari: Recent Advances in Measuring Exhaled Breath and Estimating Exposure and Body Burden for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs); Environ Health Perspect. 103, Suppl 3 (1995) 95–98. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.95103s395
- Health and Safety Executive (HSE): EH40/2005 Workplace Exposure Limits. Containing the List of Workplace Exposure Limits for Use with the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (as amended); January 2020. Available at: https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/eh40.htm (accessed February 2021).
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG): List of MAK and BAT Values 2020. Maximum Concentrations and Biological Tolerance Values at the Workplace; Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area. Report 56. July 1, 2020. Available at https://series.publisso.de/sites/default/files/documents/series/mak/lmbv/Vol2020/Iss2/Doc002/mbwl_2020_eng.pdf (accessed March 2021)
- German Federal Environmental Protection Agency: Indoor Air Guide Value for Propane-1,2-diol (Propylene Glycol). Communication from the Committee on Indoor Air Guide Values; Bundesgesundheitsblatt 60, (2017) 1298–1304. DOI: 10.1007/s00103-017-2631-9
- National Research Council of the National Academies, Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines: Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants – Volume 5; Available at: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12529/spacecraft-maximum-allowable-concentrations-for-selected-airborne-contaminants-volume-5 (accessed March 2021)
- American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH): Guide to Occupational Exposure Values; American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, 2017.
- Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety: Propylene Glycol (1,2-Propanediol). Health-Based Recommended Occupational Exposure Limit; Available at https://www.healthcouncil.nl/documents/advisory-reports/2007/10/17/propylene-glycol-12-propanediol (accessed March 2021)
- Suber, R.L., R. Deskin, I. Nikiforov, X. Fouillet, and C.R.E. Coggins: Subchronic Nose-Only Inhalation Study of Propylene Glycol in Sprague-Dawley Rats; Food Chem. Toxicol. 27 (1989) 573–583. DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(89)90016-1
- Klepeis, N.E. and W.W. Nazaroff: Modeling Residential Exposure to Secondhand Smoke; Atmos. Environ. 40 (2006) 4393–4407. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.018
- Kosmider, L., A. Sobczak, M. Fik, J. Knysak, M. Zaciera, J. Kurek, and M.L. Goniewicz: Carbonyl Compounds in Electronic Cigarette Vapors: Effects of Nicotine Solvent and Battery Output Voltage; Nicotine Tob. Res. 16 (2014) 1319–1326. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu078
- Ogunwale, M.A., M. Li, M.V. Ramakrishnam Raju, Y. Chen, M.H. Nantz, D.J. Conklin, and X.A. Fu: Aldehyde Detection in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols; ACS Omega 2 (2017) 1207–1214. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00489
- Wang, P., W. Chen, J. Liao, T. Matsuo, K. Ito, J. Fowles, D. Shusterman, M. Mendell, and K. Kumagai: A Device-Independent Evaluation of Carbonyl Emissions from Heated Electronic Cigarette Solvents; PLOS ONE 12 (2017) e0169811. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169811
- World Health Organization (WHO): WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants; World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2010. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/260127 (accessed February 2021)
- European Union, EU Science Hub: The INDEX Project. Critical Appraisal of the Setting and Implementation of Indoor Exposure Limits in the EU. Final Report; European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Physical and Chemical Exposure Unit, Ispra, Italy, 2005.
- Brannelly, N.T., J.P. Hamilton-Shield, and A.J. Killard: The Measurement of Ammonia in Human Breath and its Potential in Clinical Diagnostics; Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 46 (2016) 490–501. DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1153949
- Hibbard, T. and A.J. Killard: Breath Ammonia Levels in a Normal Human Population Study as Determined by Photoacoustic Laser Spectroscopy; J. Breath Res. 5 (2011) 037101. DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/5/3/037101
- Rostami, A.A., Y.B. Pithawalla, J. Liu, M.J. Oldham, K.A. Wagner, K. Frost-Pineda, and M.A. Sarkar: A Well-Mixed Computational Model for Estimating Room Air Levels of Selected Constituents from E-Vapor Product Use; Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 13 (2016) E828. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13080828
- Widder, S.H. and L. Haselbach: Relationship Among Concentrations of Indoor Air Contaminants, Their Sources, and Different Mitigation Strategies on Indoor Air Quality; Sustainability 9 (2017) 1149–1165. DOI: 10.3390/su9071149
- Ingebrethsen, B.J., S.K. Cole, and S.L. Alderman: Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Particle Size Distribution Measurements; Inhal. Toxicol. 24 (2012) 976–984. DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.744781
- Martuzevicius, D., T. Prasauskas, A. Setyan, G. O’Connell, X. Cahours, R. Julien, and S. Colard: Characterization of the Spatial and Temporal Dispersion Differences Between Exhaled E-cigarette Mist and Cigarette Smoke; Nicotine Tob. Res. 21 (2019) 1371–1377. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty121
- Conner, J.M., G.B. Oldaker III, and J.J. Murphy: Method for Assessing the Contribution of Environmental Tobacco Smoke to Respirable Suspended Particles in Indoor Environments; Environ. Technol. 11 (1989) 189–196. DOI: 10.1080/09593339009384855
- Nelson, P.R., D.L. Heavner, B.B. Collie, K.C. Maiolo, and M.W. Ogden: Effect of Ventilation and Sampling Time on Environmental Tobacco Smoke Component Ratios; Environ. Sci. Technol. 26 (1992) 1909–1915. DOI: 10.1021/es00034a005
- Ogden, M.W. and J.D. Richardson: Effect of Lighting and Storage Conditions on the Stability of Ultraviolet Particulate Matter, Fluorescent Particulate Matter, and Solanesol; Tob. Sci. 42 (1998) 10–15.