A Single-Center Evaluation of Environmental Emissions from ENDS and Combustible Cigarettes

Caraway, John W.; Jin, Tao; Schmidt, Eckhardt; Nelson, Paul R.

doi:10.2478/cttr-2021-0002

Figures & Tables

Schematic of environmental test chamber.

Typical figure of real-time measurement for CO, CO2, TVOCs, temperature, and relative humidity.

Statistical comparison (p-values) of blank-corrected TWA concentration (TWABC) between test and reference productsa_ p-Values are from 2-sample 2-tailed t-test; bold type denotes significant values (p < 0_05)_

Constituent	Vuse Non-menthol (29 mg nicotine ^b) vs Marlboro Gold Pack Box	Vuse Non-menthol (14 mg nicotine ^b) vs Marlboro Gold Pack Box	Vuse Menthol (29 mg nicotine ^b) vs Newport Box	Market-sample ENDS vs Marlboro Gold Pack Box	Market-sample ENDS vs Newport Box
CO	0.023	0.025	< 0.001	0.023	< 0.001
TVOC	0.012	0.011	< 0.001	0.012	< 0.001
Acetaldehyde	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Ammonia	0.012	0.010	0.003	0.009	0.003
Benzene	0.001	0.001	< 0.001	0.001	< 0.001
Ethylbenzene	0.002	0.002	< 0.001	0.002	< 0.001
FPM	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Formaldehyde	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Glycerol	0.037	0.088	0.020	0.128	0.159
Hydroquinone	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Nicotine	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Phenol	0.003	0.003	< 0.001	0.003	< 0.001
Propylene glycol	0.035	0.029	0.017	0.336	0.647
Pyridine	0.002	0.002	< 0.001	0.002	< 0.001
Pyrrole	0.002	0.002	< 0.001	0.002	< 0.001
RSP	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Solanesol	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Styrene	0.002	0.002	< 0.001	0.002	< 0.001
Toluene	0.002	0.002	< 0.001	0.002	< 0.001
UVPM	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
m+p-Xylene	0.002	0.002	< 0.001	0.002	< 0.001
m+p-Cresol	< 0.001	0.001	< 0.001	0.001	< 0.001
o-Cresol	0.002	0.002	< 0.001	0.002	< 0.001
o-Xylene	< 0.001	0.001	< 0.001	0.001	< 0.001

Summary of mass of e-liquid (g) used by cohort_

Cohort No.	n	Mean	Median	SD	Minimum	Maximum
3 Vuse Menthol	20	0.043	0.0405	0.027	0.0012	0.0941
4 Vuse Original	20	0.032	0.0336	0.018	0.0037	0.0700
5 Vuse Original Silver	20	0.023	0.0234	0.019	0.0009	0.0629

Secondhand vapor/secondhand smoke constituents measured during environmental chamber test sessions_

SHV/SHS constituents	Lower limit of quantification
Acetaldehyde	2.0 μg/m³
Ammonia (NH₃)	67.0 μg/m³
Benzene	0.4 μg/m³
Carbon monoxide (CO)	0.1 mg/m³
Cresol	0.1 μg/m³
Ethylbenzene	0.1 μg/m³
Fluorescent particulate matter (FPM)	1.0 μg/m³
Formaldehyde	2.0 μg/m³
Glycerol	8.3 μg/m³
Hydroquinone	0.8 μg/m³
Nicotine	0.2 μg/m³
Phenol	0.4 μg/m³
Propylene glycol	2.0 μg/m³
Pyridine	0.1 μg/m³
Pyrrole	0.1 μg/m³
Respirable suspended particles (RSP) (PMR_2.5)	2.0 μg/m³
Solanesol	0.3 μg/m³
Styrene	0.1 μg/m³
Toluene	0.4 μg/m³
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC)	11.5 μg/m³
Ultraviolet particulate matter (UVPM)	1.0 μg/m³
Xylene	0.1 μg/m³

Summary of uncorrected TWA concentrations from product smoking/vaping and blank runs (n = 5)_ Mean (SD) values are presented_ Background-corrected CO and TVOC were used in this table_

Constituent (Units)	Cohort 1	Cohort 2	Cohort 3	Cohort 4	Cohort 5	Cohort 6

	Marlboro Gold Pack Box	Newport Box	Vuse Menthol (29 mg nicotine^a)	Vuse Non-menthol (29 mg nicotine^a)	Vuse Non-menthol (14 mg nicotine^a)	Market-sample ENDS
Smoking/Vaping Run
CO (μg/L)	6.86 (4.41)	9.41 (0.97)	−0.31 (0.16)	0.02 (0.05)	−0.35 (0.21)	−0.04 (0.24)
TVOC (μg/m³)	1063.22 (522.06)	1072.51 (247.13)	25.59 (37.19)	23.48 (33.14)	155.28 (100.42)	138.96 (99.47)
Benzene (μg/m³)	34.43 (9.19)	35.63 (3.18)	1.60 (0.05)	1.62 (0.04)	1.64 (0.03)	1.64 (0.03)
Ethylbenzene (μg/m³)	9.65 (2.94)	9.71 (0.88)	0.33 (0.02)	0.45 (0.17)	0.33 (0.01)	0.34 (0.03)
Acetaldehyde (μg/m³)	260.60 (18.65)	261.18 (7.58)	7.53 (5.60)	5.66 (0.92)	2.32 (0.15)	4.00 (1.23)
FPM (μg/m³)	41.45 (4.02)	39.37 (2.84)	1.22 (0.20)	1.20 (0.19)	1.00 (0.00)	1.00 (0.00)
Glycerol (μg/m³)	28.87 (4.26)	33.87 (6.08)	148.94 (65.87)	129.82 (70.88)	68.58 (36.90)	72.69 (47.86)
Hydroquinone (μg/m³)	5.33 (0.38)	5.90 (0.83)	0.83 (0.00)	0.83 (0.00)	0.83 (0.00)	0.83 (0.00)
Formaldehyde (μg/m³)	136.14 (20.78)	129.04 (13.17)	12.01 (2.90)	12.76 (1.85)	12.32 (1.63)	14.81 (1.96)
m+p-Cresol (μg/m³)	6.65 (1.76)	6.39 (0.54)	0.32 (0.01)	0.63 (0.68)	0.33 (0.01)	0.33 (0.01)
m+p-Xylene (μg/m³)	30.28 (9.74)	28.97 (2.53)	0.85 (0.32)	1.82 (1.02)	0.55 (0.23)	0.75 (0.16)
Ammonia (μg/m³)	449.74 (189.97)	384.53 (109.13)	69.71 (5.14)	85.95 (12.76)	72.37 (8.23)	71.42 (6.73)
Nicotine (μg/m³)	159.91 (22.81)	154.20 (21.27)	19.89 (10.38)	11.90 (1.89)	1.93 (1.04)	1.60 (0.81)
o-Cresol (μg/m³)	3.22 (0.92)	3.20 (0.30)	0.32 (0.01)	0.53 (0.29)	0.33 (0.01)	0.33 (0.01)
o-Xylene (μg/m³)	4.92 (1.29)	5.01 (0.37)	0.37 (0.06)	0.72 (0.41)	0.35 (0.04)	0.38 (0.05)
Propylene glycol (μg/m³)	241.67 (100.01)	194.54 (29.18)	1003.61 (438.91)	146.86 (55.63)	156.87 (80.86)	231.21 (166.57)
Phenol (μg/m³)	24.51 (7.33)	23.64 (2.92)	2.44 (0.11)	2.55 (0.21)	2.46 (0.04)	2.46 (0.04)
Pyridine (μg/m³)	34.20 (10.99)	32.67 (3.84)	0.32 (0.01)	0.32 (0.01)	0.33 (0.01)	0.33(0.01)
Pyrrole (μg/m³)	34.24 (10.86)	32.08 (2.81)	0.32 (0.01)	0.32 (0.01)	0.33 (0.01)	0.33(0.01)
RSP (μg/m³)	1611.17 (227.45)	1548.91 (170.05)	111.13 (91.91)	53.15 (19.54)	54.92 (20.23)	45.22 (22.32)
Solanesol (μg/m³)	55.00 (12.85)	63.58 (11.40)	0.40 (0.00)	0.40 (0.00)	0.40 (0.00)	0.40 (0.00)
Styrene (μg/m³)	13.08 (4.07)	14.05 (1.03)	0.62 (0.26)	0.58 (0.22)	0.54 (0.15)	0.59 (0.10)
Toluene (μg/m³)	64.09 (18.26)	71.93 (9.17)	3.04 (1.27)	3.98 (2.08)	1.68 (0.07)	2.03(0.46)
UVPM (μg/m³)	105.11 (13.62)	103.55 (10.81)	1.07 (0.17)	1.00 (0.00)	1.00 (0.00)	1.00 (0.00)
Blank Run
CO (μg/L)	−0.13 (0.39)	0.31 (0.35)	−0.23 (0.17)	0.06 (0.10)	−0.43 (0.09)	0.01 (0.09)
TVOC (μg/m³)	26.04 (32.38)	32.46 (13.22)	1.00 (2.23)	6.24 (13.70)	141.13 (100.09)	86.45 (45.43)
Benzene (μg/m³)	1.64 (0.04)	1.63 (0.04)	1.61 (0.03)	1.60 (0.04)	1.64 (0.03)	1.64 (0.03)
Ethylbenzene (μg/m³)	0.33 (0.01)	0.33 (0.01)	0.43 (0.17)	0.47 (0.19)	0.35 (0.06)	0.51 (0.36)
Acetaldehyde (μg/m³)	7.14 (5.09)	6.05 (2.03)	5.33 (3.64)	5.72 (3.59)	2.51 (0.79)	4.34 (1.52)
FPM (μg/m³)	1.08 (0.08)	1.06 (0.07)	1.13 (0.18)	1.13 (0.18)	1.00 (0.00)	1.00 (0.00)
Glycerol (μg/m³)	29.99 (4.18)	30.94 (3.49)	36.18 (3.60)	33.63 (2.21)	32.71 (0.57)	32.77 (0.63)
Hydroquinone (μg/m³)	0.81 (0.02)	0.76 (0.09)	0.83 (0.00)	0.83 (0.00)	0.83 (0.00)	0.83 (0.00)
Formaldehyde (μg/m³)	8.71 (1.08)	11.00 (1.64)	11.35 (2.11)	11.43 (1.29)	10.90 (1.02)	12.01 (2.14)
m+p-Cresol (μg/m³)	0.33 (0.01)	0.33 (0.01)	0.32 (0.01)	0.32 (0.01)	0.33 (0.01)	0.33 (0.01)
m+p-Xylene (μg/m³)	0.57 (0.33)	0.51 (0.42)	1.42 (1.22)	1.86 (1.16)	0.72 (0.50)	0.96 (0.58)
Ammonia (μg/m³)	63.60 (3.72)	76.53 (10.85)	71.24 (6.63)	69.87 (3.86)	72.51 (10.90)	90.53 (22.83)
Nicotine (μg/m³)	5.62 (2.90)	4.62 (2.77)	2.76 (0.65)	2.32 (0.74)	0.57 (0.25)	0.56 (0.29)
o-Cresol (μg/m³)	0.33 (0.01)	0.68 (0.54)	0.32 (0.01)	0.33 (0.04)	0.33 (0.01)	0.33 (0.01)
o-Xylene (μg/m³)	0.33 (0.01)	0.33 (0.01)	0.51 (0.26)	0.70 (0.38)	0.38 (0.12)	0.42 (0.12)
Propylene glycol (μg/m³)	17.50 (14.73)	21.97 (18.30)	56.72 (30.84)	52.44 (26.96)	84.99 (80.56)	95.90 (108.26)
Phenol (μg/m³)	3.91 (3.42)	2.49 (0.45)	2.78 (0.54)	2.39 (0.06)	2.45 (0.04)	2.46 (0.05)
Pyridine (μg/m³)	0.33 (0.01)	0.33 (0.01)	0.32 (0.01)	0.32 (0.01)	0.33 (0.01)	0.33 (0.01)
Pyrrole (μg/m³)	0.33 (0.01)	0.33 (0.01)	0.32 (0.01)	0.32 (0.01)	0.33 (0.01)	0.33 (0.01)
RSP (μg/m³)	44.85 (23.48)	25.49 (4.60)	43.71 (21.40)	31.18 (11.53)	45.34 (14.87)	38.16 (8.43)
Solanesol (μg/m³)	0.40 (0.01)	0.40 (0.00)	0.40 (0.00)	0.40 (0.00)	0.40 (0.00)	0.40 (0.00)
Styrene (μg/m³)	0.33 (0.01)	0.33 (0.01)	0.65 (0.30)	0.62 (0.24)	0.50 (0.05)	0.58 (0.12)
Toluene (μg/m³)	2.82 (1.06)	4.72 (1.23)	3.30 (1.10)	3.81 (2.26)	1.78 (0.24)	2.16 (0.53)
UVPM (μg/m³)	0.98 (0.02)	0.98 (0.01)	1.00 (0.00)	1.00 (0.00)	1.00 (0.00)	1.00 (0.00)

Summary of blank-corrected TWA concentrations (TWABC) by cohort_ (n = 5), mean (SD) values are presented, bold type denotes a significant difference between smoking/vaping and blank runs (uncorrected TWA concentrations; p< 0_05)_

Constituent (Units)	Cohort 1	Cohort 2	Cohort 3	Cohort 4	Cohort 5	Cohort 6

	Marlboro Gold Pack Box	Newport Menthol Box	Vuse Menthol (29 mg nicotine^a)	Vuse Non-menthol (29 mg nicotine^a)	Vuse Non-menthol (14 mg nicotine^a)	Market-sample ENDS
CO (μg/L)^b	6.99 (4.41)	9.09 (0.97)	−0.07 (0.16)	−0.04 (0.05)	0.08 (0.21)	−0.05 (0.24)
TVOC (μg/m³)^b	1037.18 (522.06)	1040.06 (247.13)	24.59 (37.19)	17.25 (33.14)	14.14 (100.42)	52.51 (99.47)
Acetaldehyde (μg/m³)	253.46 (18.65)	255.13 (7.58)	2.20 (5.60)	−0.06 (0.92)	−0.19 (0.15)	−0.34 (1.23)
Ammonia (μg/m³)	386.14 (189.97)	307.99 (109.13)	−1.54 (5.14)	16.08 (12.76)^c	−0.14 (8.23)	−19.11 (6.73)
Benzene (μg/m³)	32.79 (9.19)	34.00 (3.18)	−0.02 (0.05)	0.02 (0.04)	0.01 (0.03)	0.00 (0.03)
Ethylbenzene (μg/m³)	9.32 (2.94)	9.39 (0.88)	−0.10 (0.02)	−0.01 (0.17)	−0.02 (0.01)	−0.16 (0.03)
FPM (μg/m³)	40.37 (4.02)	38.31 (2.84)	0.09 (0.20)	0.07 (0.19)	0.00 (0.00)	0.00 (0.00)
Formaldehyde (μg/m³)	127.44 (20.78)	118.04 (13.17)	0.67 (2.90)	1.33 (1.85)	1.43 (1.63)	2.81 (1.96)
Glycerol (μg/m³)	−1.11 (4.26)	2.93 (6.08)	112.77 (65.87)	96.19 (70.88)	35.87 (36.90)	39.92 (47.86)
Hydroquinone (μg/m³)	4.52 (0.38)	5.15 (0.83)	0.00 (0.00)	0.00 (0.00)	0.00 (0.00)	0.00 (0.00)
Nicotine (μg/m³)	154.30 (22.81)	149.58 (21.27)	17.13 (10.38)	9.59 (1.89)	1.36 (1.04)	1.04 (0.81)
Phenol (μg/m³)	20.60 (7.33)	21.15 (2.92)	−0.34 (0.11)	0.16 (0.21)	0.01 (0.04)	0.00 (0.04)
Propylene glycol (μg/m³)	224.17 (100.01)	172.57 (29.18)	946.89 (438.91)	94.42 (55.63)	71.88 (80.86)	135.31 (166.57)
Pyridine (μg/m³)	33.87 (10.99)	32.34 (3.84)	0.00 (0.01)	0.00 (0.01)	0.00 (0.01)	0.00 (0.01)
Pyrrole (μg/m³)	33.91 (10.86)	31.76 (2.81)	0.00 (0.01)	0.00 (0.01)	0.00 (0.01)	0.00 (0.01)
RSP (μg/m³)	1566.32 (227.45)	1523.42 (170.05)	67.42 (91.91)	21.96 (19.54)	9.58 (20.23)	7.06 (22.32)
Solanesol (μg/m³)	54.60 (12.85)	63.19 (11.40)	0.00 (0.00)	0.00 (0.00)	0.00 (0.00)	0.00 (0.00)
Styrene (μg/m³)	12.75 (4.07)	13.72 (1.03)	−0.03 (0.26)	−0.03 (0.22)	0.05 (0.15)	0.01 (0.10)
Toluene (μg/m³)	61.27 (18.26)	67.21 (9.17)	−0.27 (1.27)	0.17 (2.08)	−0.11 (0.07)	−0.13 (0.46)
UVPM (μg/m³)	104.12 (13.62)	102.57 (10.81)	0.07 (0.17)	0.00 (0.00)	0.00 (0.00)	0.00 (0.00)
m+p-Xylene (μg/m³)	29.71 (9.74)	28.46 (2.53)	−0.57 (0.32)	−0.04 (1.02)	−0.17 (0.23)	−0.21 (0.16)
m+p-Cresol (μg/m³)	6.32 (1.76)	6.06 (0.54)	0.00 (0.01)	0.31 (0.68)	0.00 (0.01)	0.00 (0.01)
o-Cresol (μg/m³)	2.89 (0.92)	2.52 (0.30)	0.00 (0.01)	0.20 (0.29)	0.00 (0.01)	0.00 (0.01)
o-Xylene (μg/m³)	4.59 (1.29)	4.68 (0.37)	−0.15 (0.06)	0.02 (0.41)	−0.03 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.05)

Summary of mean (SD) emission factors for analytes (mg/cigarette or mg/10 min vaping) by cohort_

Constituent	Cohort 1	Cohort 2	Cohort 3	Cohort 4	Cohort 5	Cohort 6

	Marlboro Gold Pack Box (n = 5)	Newport Menthol Box (n = 5)	Vuse Menthol (29 mg nicotine^*) (n = 5)	Vuse Non-menthol (29 mg nicotine^*) (n = 5)	Vuse Non-menthol (14 mg nicotine^*) (n = 5)	Market-sample ENDS (n = 5)
Acetaldehyde	1.921 (0.128)	1.937 (0.033)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ammonia	2.925 (1.444)	2.336 (0.815)	N/A	0.125 (0.100)	N/A	N/A
Benzene	0.249 (0.070)	0.258 (0.022)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
CO	56.540 (31.549)	72.433 (7.131)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ethylbenzene	0.071 (0.022)	0.071 (0.006)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
FPM	0.306 (0.028)	0.291 (0.017)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Formaldehyde	0.966 (0.156)	0.896 (0.095)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Glycerol	N/A	N/A	0.872 (0.501)	0.752 (0.558)	N/A	N/A
Hydroquinone	0.034 (0.003)	0.039 (0.006)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Nicotine	1.170 (0.176)	1.136 (0.166)	0.133 (0.080)	0.075 (0.015)	N/A	0.008 (0.006)
Phenol	0.156 (0.056)	0.160 (0.019)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Propylene glycol	1.701 (0.765)	1.308 (0.206)	7.326 (3.343)	0.736 (0.432)	N/A	N/A
Pyridine	0.257 (0.084)	0.245 (0.025)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Pyrrole	0.257 (0.083)	0.241 (0.018)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
RSP	11.863 (1.612)	11.551 (1.088)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Solanesol	0.414 (0.095)	0.479 (0.082)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Styrene	0.097 (0.031)	0.104 (0.006)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
TVOC	7.850 (3.853)	7.836 (1.800)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Toluene	0.465 (0.139)	0.510 (0.069)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
UVPM	0.789 (0.097)	0.778 (0.069)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
m+p-Xylene	0.225 (0.074)	0.216 (0.016)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
m+p-Cresol	0.048 (0.013)	0.046 (0.003)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
o-Cresol	0.022 (0.007)	0.019 (0.002)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
o-Xylene	0.035 (0.010)	0.036 (0.002)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

Summary of mean (SD) emission factors for analytes (μg/mg of e-liquid) for Vuse*_

Constituent	Cohort 3	Cohort 4	Cohort 5

	Vuse Menthol (29 mg nicotine^**) (n = 5)	Vuse Non-menthol (29 mg nicotine^**) (n = 5)	Vuse Non-menthol (14 mg nicotine^**) (n = 5)
Acetaldehyde	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ammonia	N/A	3.912 (2.786)	N/A
Benzene	N/A	N/A	N/A
CO	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ethylbenzene	N/A	N/A	N/A
FPM	N/A	N/A	N/A
Formaldehyde	N/A	N/A	N/A
Glycerol	19.528 (4.981)	22.395 (14.435)	N/A
Hydroquinone	N/A	N/A	N/A
Nicotine	2.965 (0.594)	2.413 (0.443)	N/A
Phenol	N/A	N/A	N/A
Propylene glycol	170.986 (10.553)	22.447 (12.862)	N/A
Pyridine	N/A	N/A	N/A
Pyrrole	N/A	N/A	N/A
RSP	N/A	N/A	N/A
Solanesol	N/A	N/A	N/A
Styrene	N/A	N/A	N/A
TVOC	N/A	N/A	N/A
Toluene	N/A	N/A	N/A
UVPM	N/A	N/A	N/A
m+p-Xylene	N/A	N/A	N/A
m+p-Cresol	N/A	N/A	N/A
o-Cresol	N/A	N/A	N/A
o-Xylene	N/A	N/A	N/A

Statistical comparison (p-values) of uncorrected TWA concentration between product smoking/vaping and blank runs_ p-Values are from 2-sample 2-tailed t-test_ Bold typedenotes a significant difference between smoking/vaping and blank runs (uncorrected TWA concentrations; p < 0_05)_

Constituent (Units)	Cohort 1	Cohort 2	Cohort 3	Cohort 4	Cohort 5	Cohort 6

	Marlboro Gold Pack Box	Newport Box	Vuse Menthol (29 mg nicotine^a)	Vuse Non-menthol (29 mg nicotine^a)	Vuse Non-menthol (14 mg nicotine^a)	Market-sample ENDS
CO (μg/L)^b	0.024	< 0.001	0.497	0.402	0.476	0.679
TVOC (μg/m³)^b	0.011	< 0.001	0.214	0.314	0.829	0.314
Benzene (μg/m³)	0.001	< 0.001	0.491	0.461	0.739	0.881
Ethylbenzene (μg/m³)	0.002	< 0.001	0.265	0.916	0.513	0.373
Acetaldehyde (μg/m³)	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.483	0.974	0.616	0.707
FPM (μg/m³)	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.488	0.566	0.876	0.384
Glycerol (μg/m³)	0.687	0.377	0.019	0.038	0.095	0.136
Hydroquinone (μg/m³)	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.89	0.904	0.739	0.523
Formaldehyde (μg/m³)	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.688	0.223	0.136	0.063
m+p-Cresol (μg/m³)	0.001	< 0.001	0.491	0.367	0.739	0.881
m+p-Xylene (μg/m³)	0.002	< 0.001	0.363	0.959	0.517	0.474
Ammonia (μg/m³)	0.01	0.003	0.693	0.045	0.982	0.136
Nicotine (μg/m³)	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.021	< 0.001	0.041	0.027
o-Cresol (μg/m³)	0.002	< 0.001	0.491	0.2	0.739	0.881
o-Xylene (μg/m³)	0.001	< 0.001	0.29	0.936	0.584	0.459
Propylene glycol (μg/m³)	0.007	< 0.001	0.008	0.009	0.197	0.166
Phenol (μg/m³)	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.231	0.169	0.739	0.881
Pyridine (μg/m³)	0.002	< 0.001	0.491	0.461	0.739	0.881
Pyrrole (μg/m³)	0.002	< 0.001	0.491	0.461	0.739	0.8813
RSP (μg/m³)	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.178	0.062	0.418	0.527
Solanesol (μg/m³)	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.255	0.999	0.846	0.792
Styrene (μg/m³)	0.002	< 0.001	0.856	0.836	0.507	0.837
Toluene (μg/m³)	0.002	< 0.001	0.732	0.905	0.393	0.691
UVPM (μg/m³)	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.373	0.226	0.383	0.384

Exposure limits for propylene glycol_

Country	Type of limit	Reference concentration	Organization (Reference) ^*
Germany	Precautionary level	60 μg/m³	German Federal EPA⁽⁴⁸⁾
Germany	Health hazard level	600 μg/m³	German Federal EPA⁽⁴⁸⁾
United States	30-day TWA limit	9.5 mg/m³	NASA⁽⁴⁹⁾
United States	WEELs^®	10 mg/m³	AIHA⁽⁵⁰⁾
The Netherlands	Occupational exposure limit	50 mg/m³	DECOS⁽⁵¹⁾
United States	24-h TWA limit	53.8 mg/m³	NASA⁽⁴⁹⁾

A Single-Center Evaluation of Environmental Emissions from ENDS and Combustible Cigarettes

Figures & Tables

Figure A1

Figure A2

Statistical comparison (p-values) of blank-corrected TWA concentration (TWABC) between test and reference productsa_ p-Values are from 2-sample 2-tailed t-test; bold type denotes significant values (p < 0_05)_

Summary of mass of e-liquid (g) used by cohort_

Secondhand vapor/secondhand smoke constituents measured during environmental chamber test sessions_

Summary of uncorrected TWA concentrations from product smoking/vaping and blank runs (n = 5)_ Mean (SD) values are presented_ Background-corrected CO and TVOC were used in this table_

Summary of blank-corrected TWA concentrations (TWABC) by cohort_ (n = 5), mean (SD) values are presented, bold type denotes a significant difference between smoking/vaping and blank runs (uncorrected TWA concentrations; p< 0_05)_

Summary of mean (SD) emission factors for analytes (mg/cigarette or mg/10 min vaping) by cohort_

Summary of mean (SD) emission factors for analytes (μg/mg of e-liquid) for Vuse*_

Statistical comparison (p-values) of uncorrected TWA concentration between product smoking/vaping and blank runs_ p-Values are from 2-sample 2-tailed t-test_ Bold typedenotes a significant difference between smoking/vaping and blank runs (uncorrected TWA concentrations; p < 0_05)_

Exposure limits for propylene glycol_

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