References
- Al-Jazeera. (2025, February 8). Hamas and Israel carry out fifth prisoner swap under Gaza ceasefire deal. Al-Jazeera. Retrieved on April 4, 2025, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/8/gaza-prepares-for-release-of-three-israeli-captives
- Ambrosetti, E. T., & Massoletti, M. (2024, November 12). Stabilising Instability: Russia-Backed Separatism After the Outbreak of the Ukraine War. ISPI - Italian Institute for International Political Studies. Retrieved on April 4, 2025, from https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/stabilising-instability-russia-backed-separatism-after-the-outbreak-of-the-ukraine-war-189567
- Annyssa, B., Giacca, G., & Casey-Maslen, S. (2011, March 18). International Law and Armed Non-State Actors in Afghanistan. International Review of the Red Cross, 93(881), 47-79. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383111000051
- Ballas, I. (2022). Territoriality and Status in Human Rights Litigation: The Case of Israel/Palestine. Social & Legal Studies, 32(4), 606-625. https://doi.org/10.1177/09646639221124397
- Bar-Tal, D. (2022). Is a Confederation Between Israel and Palestine with Jordan a Viable Arrangement?. World Affairs, 185(4), 737-765. https://doi.org/10.1177/00438200221128026
- Bartolini, G. (2024). The Ukrainian–Russian armed conflict and the law of neutrality: Continuity, discontinuity, or irrelevance?. Netherlands International Law Review, 71(2), 281–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40802-024-00262-8
- Crawford, E. (2010). Combatant Status and Prisoner of War Protections. In The Treatment of Combatants and Insurgents under the Law of Armed Conflict. Oxford Academic.
- Crawford, E., & Pert, A. (2024). International Humanitarian Law (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- D’Cunha, S., de Saint Maurice, T., & Ferraro, T. (2024, May 2). Defining armed conflict: some clarity in the fog of war. Humanitarian Law&Policy. Retrieved on April 5, 2025, from https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2024/05/02/defining-armed-conflict-some-clarity-in-the-fog-of-war/
- Dearden, L. (2014, September 5). Ukraine crisis: Government and pro-Russian rebels sign ceasefire agreement. The Independent. Retrieved on April 3, 2025, from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-crisis-government-and-prorussian-rebels-sign-ceasefire-agreement-reports-say-9714665.html
- Diamond, E., Nohle, E., & Schmidl, A.-C. (2024, November 29). Is the detention by an occupying power of fighters in a NIAC governed by GC IV?. EJIL Talk!. Retrieved on April 4th, 2025, from https://www.ejiltalk.org/is-the-detention-by-an-occupying-power-of-fighters-in-a-niac-governed-by-gc-iv/
- Dinstein, Y. (2016). The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Farley, B. R., & Pradhan, A. (2025). Establishing a practical test for the end of non-international armed conflict. International Review of the Red Cross, 106(927), 1157-1181. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383124000201
- Fassberg, C. (1994). Israel and the Palestinian Authority: Jurisdiction and Legal Assistance. Israel Law Review, 28(2-3), 318-346. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021223700011675
- Ferreira, C. C., Kostiuk, O., & Rodrigues, Y. P. (2023). Wagner Group: An instrument of Russian foreign policy?. Portuguese Journal of Political Science, (19), 49-68. https://doi.org/10.59071/2795-4765
- Ferrero, T. (2015). The ICRC’s legal position on the notion of armed conflict involving foreign intervention and on determining the IHL applicable to this type of conflict. International Review of the Red Cross, 97(900), 1227-1252. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383116000448
- Fisayo-Bambi, J. (2025, May 5). Yemen’s Houthis announce ‘air siege’ of Israel following airport missile attack. Euronews. Retrieved on May 6, 2025, from https://www.euronews.com/2025/05/05/yemens-houthis-announce-air-blockade-on-israel-prompting-some-airlines-to-halt-operations
- Guinto, J., & Mackenzie, J. (2025, April 28). N Korea confirms it sent troops to fight for Russia in Ukraine war. BBC. Retrieved on May 5, 2025, from https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg25wxvpy2o
- Hemptinne, J. de (2023, November 13). Classifying the Gaza Conflict Under International Humanitarian Law, a Complicated Matter. EJIL: Talk!. Retrieved on April 3, 2025, from https://www.ejiltalk.org/classifying-the-gaza-conflict-under-international-humanitarian-law-a-complicated-matter/
- ICRC. (2008). How is the Term “Armed Conflict” Defined in International Humanitarian Law?. ICRC.
- ICRC. (2009). Interpretive guidance on the notion of direct participation in hostilities under international humanitarian law. ICRC. https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/icrc-002-0990.pdf
- ICRC. (2011). International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts: Report. ICRC.
- ICRC. (2023). Facts and figures: ICRC action in Ukraine 2023. Geneva: ICRC. Retrieved on April 28, 2025, from https://www.icrc.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/Ukraine/facts_figures_ukraine_icrc_action_2023.pdf
- ICRC. (2024). How is the term “armed conflict” defined in international humanitarian law?. ICRC.
- International Court of Justice. (1986). Case concerning military and paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America). Judgment, June 27, 1986. Retrieved on April 5, 2025, from https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/70
- International Court of Justice. (2003). Legal consequences of the construction of a wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Advisory Opinion). Retrieved on April 5, 2025, from https://www.icj-cij.org/case/131
- Kalmanovitz, P. (2023). Can criminal organizations be non-State parties to armed conflict?. International Review of the Red Cross, 105(923), 618-636. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383122000510
- Konchak, P. S. (2025, February 25). The Nature and Implications of Israeli Occupation of the Palestinian Territory: Part I. OpinioJuris. Retrieved on April 3, 2025, from https://opiniojuris.org/2025/02/25/the-nature-and-implications-of-israeli-occupation-of-the-palestinian-territory-part-i/
- Kretzmer, D. (2012). The Occupation of Justice: The Supreme Court of Israel and the Occupied Territories. New York: State University of New York Press.
- Malik, A. (2023, November 26). Classification of the Israel-Palestine Conflict under the Laws of War. OpinioJuris. Retrieved on April 3, 2025, from http://opiniojuris.org/2023/11/24/classification-of-the-israel-palestine-conflict-under-the-laws-of-war/
- Malyarenko, T., & Kormych, B. (2024). New wild fields: how the Russian war leads to the demodernization of Ukraine’s occupied territories. Nationalities Papers, 52(3), 497-515. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2023.33
- McLaughlin, R. (2020). Recognition of Belligerency and the Law of Armed Conflict. Oxford University Press.
- Melzer, N. (2009). Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law. ICRC, 72, 33-34.
- NATO. (2023). Hybrid threats and hybrid warfare. NATO Defence College. https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2024/7/pdf/241007-hybrid-threats-and-hybrid-warfare.pdf
- Nebehay, S. (2012, July 14). Exclusive: Red Cross ruling raises questions of Syrian war crimes. Reuters. Retrieved on April 4, 2025, from https://www.reuters.com/article/world/exclusive-red-cross-ruling-raises-questions-of-syrian-war-crimes-idUSBRE86D09H/
- Nebehay, S. (2017, April 7). Exclusive - Situation in Syria constitutes international armed conflict - Red Cross. Reuters. Retrieved on April 4, 2025, from https://www.reuters.com/article/world/exclusive-situation-in-syria-constitutes-international-armed-conflict-red-cross-idUSKBN17925E/
- OHCHR. (2022, March 26). Update on the human rights situation in Ukraine. United Nations Human Rights Office. Retrieved on April 28, 2025, from https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/HRMMU_Update_2022-03-26_EN.pdf
- Oppenheim, L. (1920-1921). International Law: A Treatise. Longmans, Green & Co. Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadić (Appeal Judgement) (International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 1999).
- Skare, E. (2023, December 18). Iran, Hamas, and Islamic Jihad: A marriage of convenience.
- European Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved on April 6, 2025, from https://ecfr.eu/article/iran-hamas-and-islamic-jihad-a-marriage-of-convenience/
- Tambay, E., & Khalfaoui, A. (2023, November 14). Status of Private Military Companies Personnel under IHL: Implications for Prosecuting Members of the Wagner Group in Ukraine. OpinioJuris. Retrieved on April 6, 2025, from http://opiniojuris.org/2023/11/14/status-of-private-military-companies-personnel-under-ihl-implications-for-prosecuting-members-of-the-wagner-group-in-ukraine/
- Vite, S., & Gallino, I. (2024). Decentralized armed groups: Can they be classified as parties to non-international armed conflicts?. International Review of the Red Cross, 106(926), 931-942. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383124000560
- Wagemakers, J. (2025, March 20). Forged in Palestinian Nationalism and Militant Pragmatism: Hamas’ Islamism Explained. ISPI - Italian Institute for International Political Studies. Retrieved on April 3, 2025, from https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/forged-in-palestinian-nationalismand-militant-pragmatism-hamas-islamism-explained-203299
- Weaver, M., & Luh, A. (2015, February 12). Ukraine ceasefire agreed at Belarus talks. The Guardian. Retrieved on April 5, 2025, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/12/ukraine-crisis-reports-emerge-of-agreement-in-minsk-talks