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        <title>Culture. Society. Economy. Politics Feed</title>
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            <title><![CDATA[Challenges of Project Management in the Romanian Cultural Sector: An Exploratory Study]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2024-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Managing cultural projects has become increasingly complex in the context of the growing projectification of the cultural sector, the pressure generated by limited financial resources, and the rapid changes associated with digital transformation. While project management practices are widely discussed in business and public administration, fewer studies focus specifically on the realities faced by project managers operating within cultural organizations. Despite the growing body of literature on projectification, leadership, and innovation in cultural organizations, empirical evidence is limited on how these dynamics interact in the Romanian cultural sector. This study addresses this gap by exploring the experiences of professionals involved in managing cultural projects in Romania. The study investigates four interconnected dimensions: the challenges encountered during project implementation, the lessons learned through project experience, the organizational adoption of acquired knowledge, and the role of projects in generating innovation. This paper explores the main challenges cultural project managers face in Romania and examines the extent to which cultural projects contribute to organizational learning and innovation. The research is based on an exploratory approach, using in-depth interviews with nine professionals involved in managing cultural projects across different fields. The interviews investigated the most difficult projects respondents managed, the lessons learned during implementation, the organizational adoption of acquired knowledge, the role of innovation generated by projects, and the main opportunities and challenges affecting the Romanian cultural sector. The findings indicate that funding remains the most significant challenge faced by cultural project managers, followed by difficulties with human resource quality, bureaucratic constraints, institutional rigidity, and the ongoing need to adapt to changing audience expectations. The results also show that projects serve as important mechanisms for experimentation and innovation, particularly in audience development, digital communication, and organizational practices. However, the institutionalization of lessons learned and innovative practices remains inconsistent across organizations. The study contributes to the growing literature on cultural project management by providing empirical evidence from the Romanian cultural sector and highlighting the importance of leadership, organizational learning, and adaptive management in project-based cultural environments. The findings contribute to both the academic literature and managerial practice by providing insights into the specific conditions under which Romanian cultural organizations operate.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Culture Faultlines: Management, Entrepreneurship, and Heritage]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2026-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Leadership in Cultural Organizations: Meaning Construction, Symbolic Legitimacy and Research Gaps. A Structured Review]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2026-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Cultural organizations activate at the intersection of economic production logic and the symbolic logic of cultural meaning creation. This dual nature confers a distinctive organizational status, requiring specific forms of leadership, particular legitimation mechanisms, and structural tensions that are irreducible to general managerial models. Despite the centrality of leadership to organizational performance in the cultural sector, the international literature remains theoretically fragmented and geographically concentrated. The present article offers a structured review of this literature through a bibliometric analysis of a corpus of 297 documents indexed in Scopus for the period 2006–2026. Three complementary analyses were conducted using the bibliometrix package for R: a performance analysis examining annual scientific production, most productive countries and authors, and document-type distribution; a keyword co-occurrence network analysis identifying four thematic clusters; and a thematic map classifying research themes by centrality and density. Results show a significant acceleration of academic interest after 2020, a pronounced Anglo-Saxon geographic concentration, and marked theoretical fragmentation with no dominant authors or consolidated schools of thought. Most critically, the keyword network and thematic map confirm the near-total absence of sensemaking, symbolic legitimacy, and Bourdieusian field-theory perspectives in the existing literature - though these are central to understanding the actual mechanisms of leadership in cultural organizations. The article identifies four structural research gaps and argues for developing an integrated psychological-sociological-managerial framework to address the specificities of cultural leadership across diverse organizational types and geographic contexts, including Eastern European settings that are currently underrepresented in the field.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A meaningful museum for young people? Sharing insights from the field study]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2026-0007</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Current discussions about museum institutions cover a range of issues, including technological and societal changes, as well as political and economic aspects. A common aspect of all of them is the notion that museums are not only places for storing and exhibiting heritage artifacts, but also places that represent different perspectives and are perceived as meaningful. Among the various indicated matters, one important research stream concerns how young people perceive museums and other cultural spaces: as open, friendly, and inclusive, or, on the contrary. This topic remains open and worth exploration. Hence, this paper aims to explore and analyze the preliminary results of a study conducted across three departments of the National Museum in Krakow (Poland), selected non-probabilistically. The three-stage research procedure included desk research, overt observations, and focused group interviews. The main idea of the study was to explore how young people aged 13 to 18 experience museum visits and what is especially meaningful to them. After presenting the general research assumptions and research procedure, the preliminary insights are also discussed. As already noted, young people can be interested in and engaged with museum programs, yet issues such as the appropriate time or place often pose a barrier to participation. The museum’s activities reflect its efforts to encourage youth participation in its programs and to shape its offerings actively.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Mapping Shared Threads: Knowledge Exchange as a Strategy against Craft Extinction]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2026-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In recent decades, fast fashion, increased automation, and the outsourcing of production have heightened the risk of loss of intangible cultural heritage, valuable local customs, and knowledge preserved in crafting practices. However, this sparked a counterwave of people who value uniqueness, quality, and slowing down, without denying the availability of technology. Focusing on the exchange of information embedded in weaving products across the ages, this paper argues that community engagement and participatory approaches can help revive and sustain practices and craftspeople who fall short of state priorities and face extinction in the coming generation. By mapping the recurrence of concentric diamonds in flat weave across the globe and analyzing instances of information exchange regarding technology and materials, this research shows that there is solid historical evidence of using the latest technology and communication channels to keep the craft of weaving alive and relevant through innovation and local interpretation. The interdisciplinary investigation uses digital visual analysis and mixed methods, including analytical approaches on graphic content, comparative and interpretative methods, and practice-based knowledge. The visual data displayed on the map compiled in this study elicits graphic commonalities beyond borders and raises questions about transmission, influence, innovation, as well as appropriation and ownership. The questions are addressed by comparing literature from the perspective of the production of culture: distribution, consumption, and ownership of weavings. It then analyzes the relevance of exchange routes and of synchronous means for the parallel development of techniques and narratives. The findings reveal that moving from acting in isolation or from a top-down delivery to a community-led method of learning and growing, utilizing digital platforms, can bridge physical divides and bring together craftspeople who already have so much in common, from techniques and stories to struggles and challenges.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Sustainability and Inheritance of Kaihua Xianghuo Grass Dragon in Suzhuang Town]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2026-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study focuses on Kaihua Xianghuo Grass Dragon, systematically analyzing its origins and development while also examining the inheritance dilemmas, including aging practitioners, youth shortages, and insufficient cultural innovation. It puts forward feasible pathways from digital transformation, tourism activation, and educational inheritance to revitalize the heritage. Digital technologies support precise documentation and wide dissemination, while tourism activation helps realize cultural and economic value; meanwhile, educational inheritance strengthens youth participation and guarantees long-term cultural continuity. The integrated model offers valuable references for the inheritance and revitalization of China’s rural intangible cultural heritage.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Rethinking the Museum’s Social Role from Within: A Bibliometric Analysis of Employee Engagement, Leadership, and Organizational Performance]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2026-0006</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Museums have long been associated with the conservation, research, presentation, and display of cultural heritage. In recent years, however, they have been increasingly repositioned, in both theory and practice, as socially engaged, participatory, and reflexive institutions that need to better serve society and respond to their communities’ needs. This shift was reinforced by the 2022 definition adopted by the International Council of Museums, which places greater emphăsis on the museum’s sociăl responsibility. In this context, the museum’s sociăl role căn no longer be understood only through its public programs, exhibitions, or audience-oriented activities, but also through the internal organizational dynamics that make such transformations possible. The present paper examines how the academic literature addresses the relationship among employee engagement, leadership, and organizational performance in the museum sector, and how these concepts are linked to the broader debate on the evolving social role of museums. More specifically, the article questions how this field of research has developed over time, which thematic clusters and conceptual connections can be identified, and to what extent the literature connects museums’ external social mission with their internal organizational processes. Methodologically, the study employs a bibliometric analysis with Bibliometrix, an R package, to process data retrieved from the Web of Science database. The article maps publication trends, influential sources, authors, keywords, and thematic structures at the intersection of museum studies and organizational research. The findings indicate that although themes such as participation, inclusion, sustainability, and social impact have gained visibility in museum-related scholarship, the roles of employees, leadership, and organizational performance remain comparatively underexplored. By identifying these gaps, the paper contributes to a broader understanding of museum performance, arguing that the reflexive museum is not only defined by its public role but also by its capacity to change from within.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Editorial: The Cultural Dimension of a Sustainable Economy]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2025-0011</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Sport Science, Mental Skills Training, and Ethical Dilemmas: Cultural Imposition on Irish Traveller Boxers’ Norms - An Opinion Piece]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2025-0012</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Fighting and boxing have long been central to Irish Traveller and working-class cultures, where success brings respect, bridges divides, and offers economic opportunity. As sport has embraced science—from biomechanics and conditioning to sport psychology—boxing has adopted these methods. However, cultural values such as individualism and stoicism, particularly prominent in Irish Travellers, may clash with how sport psychologists and performance (integrated) support teams manage and address performance, motivation, and anxiety. This opinion piece explores that tension through Weber’s concept of rationalisation, highlighting how some groups resist dominant norms. We argue that framing Western sport psychology as superior imposes external values and risks overlooking the unique strengths of these communities—such as resilience, self-reliance, and entrepreneurial spirit—which are deeply embedded in their approaches to combat sports and personal success. Because of this, we contend that coaches and support teams working with boxers from Irish Traveller heritage should embrace and adopt these strengths, and in so doing adopt an ethical approach that enphasises a duty of care to participants that appreciates their culture.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Mapping Europe’s Cultural Pulse: A Bibliometric Analysis of Cultural Mega Events, Music Festivals, and the European Capitals of Culture (2000–2025)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2025-0013</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Cultural and music mega events have emerged as the leading cultural expression, tourism promotion, and urban regeneration sites in the European scenario. From traditional festivals such as Glastonbury and Sziget to newer, larger events such as Tomorrowland and Untold, these events transgress the boundaries of entertainment and become articulations of cultural identity, collective memory, and the creative economy. Gaining ever-increasing importance, however, research on European cultural mega events exhibits a patchy profile, with the majority of studies investigating the economic or touristic dimensions at the expense of the cultural and symbolic ones. Given the strategic role these events play in cultural policy, creative economy development, and territorial branding across Europe, understanding the evolution and structure of the scholarly field becomes increasingly important. However, despite the growing relevance of these events, there is no comprehensive, up-to-date mapping of how academic knowledge on cultural mega events has developed, which countries and institutions lead research production, and which thematic domains dominate the field. Existing studies remain dispersed, with no bibliometric synthesis capturing 25 years of scholarship. Therefore, this research presents a bibliometric examination of papers on cultural and music mega events in Europe from 2000 to 2025. Data were gathered from the Web of Science Core Collection via a systematic search query and analyzed with VOSviewer. This investigation recognises influential authors, nations, organisations, and thematic concentrations that organise this research field. The results confirm that the research has increased consistently since 2010, and prominent concentrations revolve around cultural identity and place marketing, festival experience and community involvement, and creative industries and urban regeneration. This research adds to knowledge of how European cultural mega events feature in scholarly discourse and reveals research gaps related to Central and Eastern Europe.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A Meeting Point of Culture, Royalty, and the Environment: Analyzing the Discourse on Sustainability by the Royal Ballet and Opera in London]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2025-0014</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Whilst there is a growing line of research that examines sustainability by the leading ballet and opera houses, currently, however, there are insufficient studies that shed light on sustainable practices by the Royal Ballet and Opera in London (the United Kingdom). Furthermore, there is no published research examining the Royal Ballet and Opera’s discourse on sustainability through a linguistic lens. The present paper aims to bridge the research gap by means of identifying and analyzing frequently occurring words and word clusters in a corpus of texts on sustainability written by the Royal Ballet and Opera’s staff. The rationale for using a quantitative approach to examine sustainability discourse is to highlight frequently occurring words and word clusters that may point to discursive patterns characterizing the Royal Ballet and Opera’s sustainability discourse. The analysis reveals that the often occurring words and word clusters in the Royal Ballet and Opera’s discourse on sustainability reflect discursive patterns such as organizational identity, environmental sustainability, and climate change. These findings are discussed in relation to the existing body of literature on sustainability in the ballet and opera sector. In terms of the paper’s added value, it is argued that it offers an objective, data-driven insight into the language of institutional environmental commitment, contributing to the examination of how the Royal Ballet and Opera construe their sustainability discourse. Additionally, the paper’s added value highlights specific lexical patterns and self-referential strategies that reveal how sustainability is framed as a collective organizational identity.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Culture at Work: What Drives Employee Performance in Romanian Multinationals?]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2025-0015</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[With an emphasis on multinational corporations doing business in Romania, this article investigates the connection between organizational culture and worker performance. The analysis is predicated on the idea that individual effectiveness is directly and significantly influenced by the structure and characteristics of organizational culture in a setting marked by constant change and adaptation. In line with this goal, the study sought to determine the relationships between key aspects of organizational culture and elements of employee engagement and performance. The research’s empirical component is based on a 33-item online survey distributed via Google Forms to a sample of 121 respondents (all of whom worked for multinational corporations in Romania). The results show that employee performance in Romanian multinational corporations is positively correlated with an organizational culture that prioritizes collaboration among its employees. The findings also emphasize how crucial it is to adopt a transformational leadership style in order to boost professional commitment and motivation within the teams. Thus, multinational corporations operating in Romania must invest in employee development programs and adapt to local culture to be successful and sustainable in the long run.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Sustainable Pathways for Cultural and Creative Industries: A Comprehensive Literature Review]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2025-0016</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Cultural and creative industries (CCIs) have always been integral to sustainable development, be it local, regional, or global, and now their contribution is recognized as such, as sustainability has begun to receive steady attention and become part of long-term strategies for companies, countries, and institutions. CCIs’ relationship to sustainability, however, is intricate and multifaceted. Their oeuvre (the cultural product) contributes to sustainable societies in its own right and, at the same time, through the respective companies’ sustainable practices and their contribution to economic output and growth. This makes research at the intersection of these areas particularly complex and fragmented, difficult to comprehensively explore, in part due to the specificities of each CCI and their knottiness as a whole. This study aims to chart the research at the intersection of sustainability and CCIs and to determine whether cultural sustainability emerges as a separate fourth pillar within the sustainability pillars framework. To achieve this, a set of bibliometric analyses has been done using Bibliometrix, including keyword co-occurrence network analysis, thematic mapping, and thematic evolution. The findings reveal the presence of the core sustainability pillars (environmental, social, and economic) and, indeed, the emergence of a fourth pillar in the form of cultural sustainability, which, however, seems to be in an infant phase, starting to develop and not very strongly delimited from the social sustainability pillar yet. Cultural heritage also emerges as a central conceptual axis between sustainability and CCIs, comprising the most intense and mature level of research. Temporal and more detailed thematic patterns are also assessed. Overall, the conceptual landscape reveals somewhat scattered research patterns, calling for more integrated and up-to-date theoretical frameworks, as well as empirical research on CCIs’ position within sustainable development structures. Insights from this study could serve as a comprehensive theoretical basis for such empirical investigations. By drawing a panoptic picture of the development of this topic over time, it also offers solid support for the analysis and rethinking of frameworks for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Societies at War!]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2025-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 28 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Traditional Conflict Resolution in Modern Peacebuilding: Gacaca Courts in Post-Genocide Rwanda]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2025-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 28 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Following the 1994 genocide, Rwanda established the Gacaca courts as a hybrid justice mechanism to address crimes of mass atrocity through a blend of traditional and formal legal practices. This study employs a qualitative case study approach, using document analysis to evaluate the courts’ role in justice, reconciliation, and peacebuilding. The findings show that the Gacaca system facilitated truth-telling, reduced prison overcrowding, and promoted community-level accountability. However, it also faced procedural inconsistencies, local biases, and risks of retraumatization. Notably, excluding crimes committed by the Rwandan Patriotic Front weakened its perceived impartiality. This paper argues that while culturally grounded justice mechanisms can support post-conflict reconciliation, their success depends on equitable legal standards and safeguards. The Rwandan case offers critical lessons for transitional justice and hybrid peacebuilding in post-conflict societies.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Crisis of Public Housing in Israel: Social and Economic Aspects]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2025-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 28 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[“Public housing” affords decent and safe rental housing for eligible people. It seeks to protect vulnerable populations, allowing affordable housing for a populace that cannot do so in the free market. The paper portrays and evaluates public housing in Israel. It depicts the shortage, challenges, and problems and emphasizes the extent of the crisis. The study intends to improve comprehension and illustrate damaging causes by relying on the results of the State Comptroller’s report and relevant academic and institutional documents. It illuminates the gap between supply and demand, its implications, and the societal and financial repercussions of public housing.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Religious Violence in Late Antiquity between Facts and Ideology. The Case of Quodvultdeus of Carthage]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2025-0010</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 28 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Religious violence has been an essential factor in many of our societies for thousands of years. The rise of fundamentalism and coercion of others based on religious beliefs is a recurring phenomenon. The present paper analyzes key texts from Late Antiquity that relate episodes of religiously motivated violence: the story of the destruction of the Serapeum in Alexandria in 391 CE, as related by the Church historian Rufinus, and the destruction of the Carthaginian temple of Caelestis, as related by the bishop and Church writer Quodvultdeus. The paper argues that these religiously motivated destructions are not as straightforward as they seem at first sight. Rufinus’ description interprets the events through the prism of Old Testament prophecies about the fall of pagan gods and their statues. His vision is teleological and sees the event through a series of stages derived from Scripture: the triumph of Christianity, followed by the hiding and then destruction of pagan idols. By forcing these elements into the destruction of the Serapeum, he turns a local political and religious conflict into a world-encompassing fulfillment of prophecy. The Carthaginian bishop Quodvultdeus not only believed in the fulfillment of the same prophecies but also in emulating the events of the Serapeum. The destruction of the temple of Caelestis, an imposing but abandoned structure, is turned into the second fall of the Serapeum. Through the analysis of the vocabulary employed by Rufinus and Quodvultdeus, as well as parallels with other testimonies, this paper discusses and reframes these lenses.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Conflict Resolution in the Middle East. Is „Give War a Chance” Needed to Avoid Premature Peacekeeping?]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2025-0009</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 28 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The Middle East remains a region marked by a deeply entrenched web of conflicts shaped by historical grievances, geopolitical rivalries, and intricate socio-cultural dynamics. Over the past decades, a range of political, diplomatic, and academic initiatives have sought to address these challenges through various conflict resolution mechanisms. Despite these efforts, durable solutions have often proven elusive, with many interventions yielding limited or inconclusive outcomes. In this context, the present research critically examines the applicability of Edward Luttwak’s 1999 controversial proposition to “give war a chance” as a means to avoid premature peacekeeping. Through a comprehensive analysis of the Israeli-Arab conflict, from its roots in the late 19th century to the ongoing Gaza War in 2025, this article challenges the theoretical and practical relevance of Luttwak’s framework. While the notion may resonate with realist or realpolitik logic under certain conditions, it ultimately offers a reductive and insufficient approach to understanding conflict dynamics in the Middle East. By underestimating the complexity and interconnected nature of contemporary warfare and by overstating the capacity of violence to produce sustainable political outcomes, Luttwak’s thesis neglects the deeper structural and societal dimensions of protracted conflicts. Furthermore, it embodies a pessimistic worldview that risks marginalizing the potential for diplomacy, coexistence, and regional development. By integrating ideas from political science, international relations, and peace studies, the article argues that sustainable peace in the Middle East necessitates a more inclusive and multidimensional approach, one that extends beyond military solutions to encompass reconciliation, inclusive peacebuilding, and cooperation.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Interactive AI is Smarter! The Role of AI Interactivity on Information Quality and Credibility in Times of Conflict]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2025-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 28 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into everyday life has raised significant questions about the way they interfere and influence individuals in the present society. Especially in times of conflict, when a lot of information is disseminated with the help of AI, it is vital to study the perception of individuals on the information quality and credibility provided by AI. The objective of this paper is to examine the way interactivity and social attachment influence individuals’ perception of AI as a credible and informative agent. While functional performance remains a key expectation, the ability of AI systems to build emotional connections and simulate human-like responsiveness is emerging as a critical factor in perceived usefulness. This analysis underscores the importance of designing AI not only for task efficiency but also for fostering trust, engagement, and relational value in user interactions. The results obtained indicate a strong positive relationship between social attachment and interactivity, suggesting that users who have a social attachment to AI devices are more likely to perceive them as highly interactive. Although social attachment alone does not directly enhance perceptions of information quality, it contributes indirectly by increasing interactivity. Eventually, increased interactivity significantly improves the perceived quality of information, as individuals associate responsive and personalized AI behavior with clarity, accuracy, and reliability. These findings highlight interactivity as a key mediating factor in the relationship between emotional connection and information quality, underscoring the importance of socially engaging AI design.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Reading Between the (Front) Lines: Naming the War Is Half the Battle – Palestine and Ukraine]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/csep-2025-0008</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 28 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The classification of armed conflicts under international humanitarian law (IHL) carries critical legal and humanitarian consequences, particularly regarding the applicability of the Geneva Conventions, the status of combatants, and the protection of civilians. Despite the rise of hybrid and asymmetric warfare, conflict typologies—namely, international armed conflict (IAC) and non-international armed conflict (NIAC)—are often treated as binary. This research addresses a significant gap by comparatively analyzing the armed conflicts in Palestine and Ukraine, both of which challenge existing classifications due to the involvement of non-state actors, foreign interventions, and varying degrees of territorial occupation and control. The study employs a doctrinal legal method, drawing on core international humanitarian law (IHL) instruments (e.g., the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols), key jurisprudence (Tadić, Nicaragua), and scholarly contributions. It integrates a comparative structure to highlight how variables such as actor typology, command structure, external support, and regional political dynamics influence conflict categorization. Findings show that both cases illustrate legal ambiguities: Ukraine presents a dominant International Armed Conflict (IAC) with Non-International Armed Conflict (NIAC) traits in eastern regions, while the Israel-Palestine conflict oscillates between NIAC and IAC criteria depending on the framing and territorial context. This analysis also reveals the strategic manipulation of legal categories by state and non-state actors, emphasizing that classification is not a purely legal determination but a politically loaded act with implications for accountability, legitimacy, and the regulation of force. Ultimately, the study argues that the binary IAC/NIAC framework struggles to reflect the complexity of modern warfare, underscoring the need for more adaptable and context-sensitive legal interpretations.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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