Environmental Regulation and Renewable Energies: Evidence from Generalized Panel Unconditional Quantile Regression Cover

Environmental Regulation and Renewable Energies: Evidence from Generalized Panel Unconditional Quantile Regression

Central European Economic Journal

Volume 11 (2024): Issue 58 (January 2024)

By:

, Okba Abdelaoui

and Issam Djouadi

Open Access

|Jun 2024

Figures & Tables

Scatter graph between variablesSource: STATA 16.0

Correlation Matrix

	Total renewable energy	Environmental Policy Stringency	Environmentally Related Tax Revenue	CO₂ emissions	Patent applications	R&D expenditure	Growth rate	Gross fixed capital formation
Total renewable energy	1.0000
Environmental policy stringency	0.2096	1.0000
Environmentally related tax revenue	−0.0489	0.3926	1.0000
CO₂ emissions	0.4253	0.0516	−0.1258	1.0000
Patent applications	0.5782	0.2537	0.0420	0.5957	1.0000
R&D expenditure	0.3516	0.4917	0.3552	0.1887	0.5100	1.0000
Growth rate	−0.0482	−0.1153	0.0676	−0.0168	−0.0567	−0.0056	1.0000
Gross fixed capital formation	0.6874	0.4009	0.0238	0.6294	0.8670	0.4277	−0.0520	1.0000

Total Renewable Energy Static Models

	Pooled	Fixed	Random	GLS
Environmental policy stringency	−.273^***	.152^***	.145^***	.056^***
Environmentally related tax revenue	−.161^***	−.029	−.038	.08^***
CO₂ emissions	−.045	−1.297^***	−.805^***	.203^***
Patent applications	−.208^***	.026	.016	.196^***
Research and development expenditure	.428^***	.433^***	.443^***	−.028^***
Growth rate	−.014	−.034^***	−.031^***	−.004^***
Gross fixed capital formation	1.077^***	.44^***	.475^***	.286^***
_cons	−14.236^***	12.773^***	6.329^***	−1.848^***
Observations	1056	1056	1056	1056

Total Renewable Energy Non-Robust

	Q10	Q25	Q50	Q75	Q90
Environmental policy stringency	−.177	.177^*	.201^***	.563^***	−.016
Environmentally related tax revenue	.184	.241^***	−.086	−.013	−.159^**
CO₂ emissions	−2.585^***	−.698^**	−.01	−1^***	−2.162^***
Patent applications	−.779^***	−.188	.115	.043	−.056
Research and development expenditure	.862^***	1.074^***	.196^*	−.148	.391^***
Growth rate	−.017	−.035^***	−.045^***	−.011	−.013
Gross fixed capital formation	2.201^***	.658^***	.182	−.65^***	−.128
_cons	−14.352^*	−2.208	4.678	37.747^***	40.951^***
Observations	1056	1056	1056	1056	1056

Total Renewable Energy Bootstrap

	Q10	Q25	Q50	Q75	Q90
Environmental policy stringency	−.177	.177^**	.201^***	.563^***	−.016
Environmentally related tax rRevenue	.184	.241^**	−.086^*	−.013	−.159^**
CO₂ emissions	−2.585^***	−.698^**	−.01	−1^***	−2.162^***
Patent applications	−.779^***	−.188	.115	.043	−.056
Research and development expenditure	.862^***	1.074^***	.196^*	−.148	.391^***
Growth rate	−.017	−.035^***	−.045^***	−.011	−.013
Gross fixed capital formation	2.201^***	.658^***	.182^**	−.65^***	−.128
_cons	−14.352	−2.208	4.678	37.747^***	40.951^***
Observations	1056	1056	1056	1056	1056

Total Renewable Energy Cluster-Bootstrap

	Q10	Q25	Q50	Q75	Q90
Environmental policy stringency	−.177	.177	.201	.563^***	−.016
Environmentally related tax revenue	.184	.241	−.086	−.013	−.159
CO₂ emissions	−2.585	−.698	−.01	−1	−2.162^***
Patent applications	−.779	−.188	.115	.043	−.056
Research and development expenditure	.862	1.074*	.196	−.148	.391
Growth rate	−.017	−.035	−.045	−.011	−.013
Gross fixed capital formation	2.201^**	.658	.182	−.65^**	−.128
_cons	−14.352	−2.208	4.678	37.747^***	40.951^***
Observations	1056	1056	1056	1056	1056

Total Renewable Energy Cluster-Robust

	Q10	Q25	Q50	Q75	Q90
Environmental policy stringency	−.177	.177	.201	.563^**	−.016
Environmentally related tax Revenue	.184	.241^*	−.086	−.013	−.159
CO₂ emissions	−2.585^*	−.698	−.01	−1	−2.162^*
Patent applications	−.779	−.188	.115	.043	−.056
Research and development expenditure	.862	1.074^**	.196	−.148	.391^*
Growth rate	−.017	−.035	−.045^*	−.011	−.013
Gross fixed capital formation	2.201^**	.658	.182	−.65^**	−.128
_cons	−14.352	−2.208	4.678	37.747^***	40.951^***
Observations	1056	1056	1056	1056	1056

Statistics Descriptive of Variables Study

Variable	Mean	Std. dev.	Min	Max	Jarque–Bera test	p-value
Total renewable energy	9.716629	1.999758	2.890372	15.08672	84.71	0.0000
Environmental policy stringency	2.03709	1.174578	0	5.055555	318.99	0.0000
Environmentally related tax revenue	6.581747	0.8795824	2.88759	8.155826	1224.68	0.0000
CO₂ emissions	11.58532	1.558937	7.152589	15.56919	3.04	0.2184
Patent applications	7.402104	2.23668	0.8526029	12.86712	28.80	0.0000
Research and development expenditure	1.676507	0.9343578	0.25067	5.00197	16.47	0.0003
Growth rate	2.218023	4.115878	−14.62906	24.37045	801.61	0.0000
Gross fixed capital formation	25.00864	1.651858	20.30501	29.2283	3.56	0.1686

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2024-0017 | Journal eISSN: 2543-6821 | Journal ISSN: 2544-9001

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Language: English

Page range: 252 - 268

Published on: Jun 20, 2024

Published by: Sciendo

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 times per year

Keywords:

stringency of environmental policies,

environmental taxes,

production of renewable energies,

quantile regression

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Political economics,

Economic theory, systems and structures,

Microeconomics,

Macroeconomics,

Economic policy

© 2024 Amal Rahmane, Okba Abdelaoui, Issam Djouadi, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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