Figure 1.
Source: WITS, COMTRADE, UNCTAD, WTO I-TIP, author’s elaboration
Figure 2.
Source: WTO I-TIP, author’s elaboration
Table 1.
Second-stage instrumental variable estimation results using PPML on imports of ICT goods during 1996–2018
| TBT in levels | TBT using arcsine transformation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable: | mviht | mqiht | mviht | mqiht |
| arcTBTiht | 0.21 | 8.32 | 0.22 | 8.27 |
| (0.17) | (6.38) | (0.17) | (6.34) | |
| 0.022** | 0.032 | 0.20 | 0.14 | |
| (0.011) | (0.034) | (0.18) | (0.35) | |
| Constant | 22.1*** | 23.5*** | 21.9*** | 23.4*** |
| (0.11) | (0.28) | (0.37) | (0.84) | |
| Observations | 181971 | 177246 | 181971 | 177246 |
| Pseudo R-squared | 0.957 | 0.964 | 0.956 | 0.964 |
| Akaike information criterion (AIC) | 7.23635e+12 | 1.58665e+12 | 7.33042e+12 | 1.58866e+12 |
| Importer-year FE ωit | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Importer-product FE ωih | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Robust standard errors in parentheses;
These estimations are run on equation (3).
Source: Author‘s elaboration; see section 2.1. Data.
Table A1.
List of ICT products and their related categories in the HS 1996 version
| Category | Category description | Product code HS rev. 1996 | Product description |
|---|---|---|---|
| ICT01 | Computers and peripheral equipment | 847050 | Cash registers |
| 847130 | Portable digital automatic data processing machines, weighing not more than 10 kg, consisting of at least a central processing unit, a keyboard and a display | ||
| 847141 | Other digital automatic data processing machines: Comprising in the same housing are at least a central processing unit and an input and output unit, whether or not combined | ||
| 847149 | Other digital automatic data processing machines: Other, presented in the form of systems | ||
| 847150 | Digital processing units other than those of sub-headings 8471.41 and 8471.49, whether or not containing in the same housing one or two of the following types of unit: storage units, input units and output units | ||
| 847160 | Input or output units, whether or not containing storage units in the same housing | ||
| 847170 | Storage units | ||
| 847180 | Other units of automatic data processing machines | ||
| 847190 | Other | ||
| 847290 | Other | ||
| 847330 | Parts and accessories of the machines of heading No. 84.71 | ||
| 847350 | Parts and accessories equally suitable for use with machines of two or more of the headings Nos. 84.69 to 84.72 | ||
| ICT02 | Communication equipment | 851711 | Telephone sets; videophones: Line telephone sets with cordless handsets |
| 851719 | Telephone sets; videophones: Other | ||
| 851750 | Other apparatus, for carrier-current line systems or for digital line systems | ||
| 851780 | Other apparatus | ||
| 851790 | Parts | ||
| 852510 | Transmission apparatus | ||
| 852520 | Transmission apparatus incorporating reception apparatus | ||
| 853110 | Burglar or fire alarms and similar apparatus | ||
| ICT03 | Consumer electronic equipment | 851810 | Microphones and stands therefore |
| 851821 | Loudspeakers, whether or not mounted in their enclosures; Single loudspeakers, mounted in their enclosures | ||
| 851822 | Loudspeakers, whether or not mounted in their enclosures; Multiple loudspeakers, mounted in the same enclosure | ||
| 851829 | Loudspeakers, whether or not mounted in their enclosures: Other | ||
| 851830 | Headphones, earphones and combined microphone/speaker sets | ||
| 851840 | Audio-frequency electric amplifiers | ||
| 851850 | Electric sound amplifier sets | ||
| ICT03 | Consumer electronic equipment | 851890 | Parts |
| 851939 | Turntables (record-decks): Other | ||
| 851999 | Other sound reproducing apparatus: Other | ||
| 852020 | Telephone answering machines | ||
| 852110 | Magnetic tape-type | ||
| 852190 | Other | ||
| 852210 | Pick-up cartridges | ||
| 852290 | Other | ||
| 852540 | Still image video cameras and other video camera recorders | ||
| 852712 | Radio-broadcast receivers capable of operating without an external source of power, including apparatus capable of receiving also radio-telephony or radio-telegraphy: Pocket-size radio cassette-players | ||
| 852713 | Radio-broadcast receivers capable of operating without an external source of power, including apparatus capable of receiving also radio-telephony or radio-telegraphy: Other apparatus combined with sound recording or | ||
| 852719 | Radio-broadcast receivers capable of operating without an external source of power, including apparatus capable of receiving also radio-telephony or radio-telegraphy: Other | ||
| 852721 | Radio-broadcast receivers not capable of operating without an external source of power, of a kind used in motor vehicles, including apparatus capable of receiving also radio-telp...: Combined with sound recording or reproducing apparatus | ||
| 852729 | Radio-broadcast receivers not capable of operating without an external source of power, of a kind used in motor vehicles, including apparatus capable of receiving also radio-telephony or radio-telegraphy: Other | ||
| 852731 | Other radio-broadcast receivers, including apparatus capable of receiving also radio-telephony or radio-telegraphy: Combined with sound recording or reproducing apparatus | ||
| 852732 | Other radio-broadcast receivers, including apparatus capable of receiving also radio-telephony or radio-telegraphy: Not combined with sound recording or reproducing apparatus but combined with a clock | ||
| 852739 | Other radio-broadcast receivers, including apparatus capable of receiving also radio-telephony or radio-telegraphy: Other | ||
| 852812 | Reception apparatus for television, whether to or not to incorporate radio-broadcast receivers or sound or video recording or reproducing apparatus: Colour | ||
| 852813 | Reception apparatus for television, whether or not incorporating radio-broadcast receivers or sound or video recording or reproducing apparatus: Black and white or other monochrome colour | ||
| 852821 | Video monitors: Colour | ||
| 852830 | Video projectors | ||
| 950410 | Video games of a kind used with a television receiver | ||
| ICT04 | Electronic components | 852330 | Cards incorporating a magnetic stripe |
| 853400 | Printed circuits | ||
| 854011 | Cathode-ray television picture tubes, including video monitor cathode-ray tubes: Colour | ||
| 854012 | Cathode-ray television picture tubes, including video monitor cathode-ray tubes: Black and white or other monochrome colour | ||
| 854020 | Television camera tubes; image converters and intensifiers; other photo-cathode tubes | ||
| 854040 | Data/graphic display tubes, colour, with a phosphor dot screen pitch smaller than 0.4 mm | ||
| 854060 | Other cathode-ray tubes | ||
| 854071 | Microwave tubes (for example, magnetrons, klystrons, travelling wave tubes, carcinotrons), excluding grid-controlled tubes: Magnetrons | ||
| 854079 | Microwave tubes (for example, magnetrons, klystrons, travelling wave tubes, carcinotrons), excluding grid-controlled tubes: Other | ||
| 854081 | Other valves and tubes: Receiver or amplifier valves and tubes | ||
| 854089 | Other valves and tubes: Other | ||
| 854091 | Parts: Of cathode-ray tubes | ||
| 854099 | Parts: Other | ||
| 854110 | Diodes, other than photosensitive or light emitting diodes | ||
| 854121 | Transistors, other than photosensitive transistors: With a dissipation rate of less than 1 W | ||
| 854129 | Transistors, other than photosensitive transistors: Other | ||
| 854130 | Thyristors, diacs and triacs, other than photosensitive devices | ||
| 854140 | Photosensitive semiconductor devices, including photovoltaic cells whether or not assembled in modules or made up into panels; light emitting diodes | ||
| 854150 | Other semiconductor devices | ||
| 854160 | Mounted piezo-electric crystals | ||
| 854190 | Parts | ||
| 854212 | Monolithic digital integrated circuits: Cards incorporating an electronic integrated circuit (smart cards) | ||
| 854230 | Other monolithic integrated circuits | ||
| 854290 | Parts | ||
| ICT05 | Miscellaneous | 852390 | Other |
| 852910 | Aerials and aerial reflectors of all kinds; parts suitable for use therewith | ||
| 852990 | Other | ||
| 901320 | Lasers, other than laser diodes |
[i] Source: The classification of ICT goods by UNCTADstat in HS 2012 version; Product nomenclature in HS 1996 version provided by WITS; Concordance from HS 2012 version to HS 1996 version provided by WITS; author’s elaboration.
Table A2.
PPML estimation results on imports of ICT goods during 1996–2018
| TBT in levels | TBT using arcsine transformation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable: | mviht | mqiht | mviht | mqiht |
| arcTBTiht | 0.21 | 8.34 | 0.22 | 8.42 |
| (0.17) | (6.38) | (0.17) | (6.36) | |
| 0.018** | 0.046 | 0.18 | 0.43 | |
| (0.0089) | (0.044) | (0.11) | (0.45) | |
| Constant | 22.2*** | 23.4*** | 22.0*** | 22.7*** |
| (0.083) | (0.35) | (0.22) | (1.08) | |
| Observations | 181971 | 177246 | 181971 | 177246 |
| Pseudo R-squared | 0.957 | 0.964 | 0.957 | 0.964 |
| AIC | 7.24961e+12 | 1.58358e+12 | 7.31676e+12 | 1.58444e+12 |
| Importer-year FE ωit | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Importer-product FE ωih | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Robust standard errors in parentheses;
These estimations are run on equation (1).
Source: Author‘s elaboration; see section 2.1. Data.
Table A3.
PPML estimation results on imports of ICT goods during 1996–2018
| TBT in levels | TBT using arcsine transformation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable: | mviht | mqiht | mviht | mqiht |
| arcTBTiht | 0.032** | 0.032** | 0.031** | 0.031** |
| (0.016) | (0.016) | (0.015) | (0.015) | |
| Δmviht-1 or Δmqiht-1 | 0.00013 | −0.00018 | 0.00016 | −0.00016 |
| (0.00029) | (0.00018) | (0.00029) | (0.00018) | |
| arcxviht or arcxqiht | −0.000018 | 0.00048 | 0.00013 | 0.00068 |
| (0.00069) | (0.00071) | (0.00070) | (0.00071) | |
| TBTwi‘ht or arcTBTwi‘ht | 0.019*** | 0.019*** | 0.14*** | 0.13*** |
| (0.0046) | (0.0046) | (0.037) | (0.037) | |
| Constant | 2.24*** | 2.23*** | 2.06*** | 2.06*** |
| (0.018) | (0.016) | (0.062) | (0.062) | |
| Observations | 63509 | 63509 | 63509 | 63509 |
| Pseudo R-squared | 0.711 | 0.711 | 0.711 | 0.711 |
| AIC | 180498.8 | 180498.4 | 180490.7 | 180490.1 |
| Importer-year FE ωit | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Importer-product FE ωih | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Robust standard errors in parentheses;
These estimations are run on equation (1).
Source: Author‘s elaboration; see section 2.1. Data.
Figure A1.
Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.
Figure A2.
Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.
Figure A3.
Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.
Figure A4.
Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.
Figure A5.
Figure A6.
Figure A7.
Figure A8.
Note: Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.
Figure A9.
Figure A10.
Figure A11.
Figure A12.
Note: Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.
Figure A13.
Figure A14.
Figure A15.
Figure A16.
Note: Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.