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How Does Female Entrepreneurship Affect Happiness? Cover

How Does Female Entrepreneurship Affect Happiness?

Central European Economic Journal
Volume 10 (2023): Issue 57 (January 2023)
By: Sabrina Chikh-AmnacheORCID,  Nabila Chikh-BoubaghelaORCID and  Lotfi MekhzoumiORCID  
Open Access
|Jul 2023

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Quantile estimation: The grey areas represent 95% confidence intervals. (QR coefficients and confidence intervals as the quantile varies from 0 to 1)
Quantile estimation: The grey areas represent 95% confidence intervals. (QR coefficients and confidence intervals as the quantile varies from 0 to 1)

Correlation coefficient matrix

GHIFEPIGDILGDPpcFMLCGNSTHLEBPOCHDI
GHI1.000
FEPI0.3981.0000
GDI0.621−0.1051.000
LGDPpc0.803−0.4590.4991.000
FMLC−0.1030.4270.1570.1331.000
GNST−0.214−0.451−0.266−0.264−0.3281.000
HLEB−0.767−0.3780.6790.8100.230−0.3291.000
POC0.3770.083−0.163−0.623−0.1410.217−0.5441.000
HDI0.802−0.3900.6320.9640.209−0.3580.954−0.5201.000

Variation inflation factors after omitting HDI

VIFTolerance
FEPI3.960.252770
GDI2.600.384915
LGDPpc8.690.115036
FMLC1.730.576983
GNST2.210.451929
HLEB8.760.114155
POC2.100.476867

Variation inflation factors (VIF) for independent variables

VIFTolerance
FEPI3.960.252643
GDI2.980.335791
LGDPpc36.960.027053
FMLC1.790.557311
GNST2.500.399739
HLEB15.360.065123
POC2.730.365992
HDI53.450.018708

Descriptive statistics

GHIFEPIGDILGDPpcFMLCGNSTHLEBPOCHDI
Indonesia5.215750.9249.1520.7810.41461.8450.9240.681
Cambodia4.26993.750.9048.0910.9250.15560.0060.8510.561
Laos4.9181000.9238.670.8940.24758.610.620.575
Myanmar4.759750.9488.1040.6590.57158.6760.7370.541
Malaysia5.863750.96610.0470.820.11465.5420.8190.783
Philippines5.2621000.9688.8270.895−0.01861.7640.7780.688
Singapore6.51750.97811.3530.8480.07272.8250.1030.919
Thailand6.059751.0019.6540.8740.37467.5920.9110.762
Vietnam5.3398.4370.9958.70.8910.0164.8060.7830.677
TotalMean5.35485.240.9569.1770.8430.21563.5180.7250.687
Std. dev.0.74612.330.0351.0020.1210.2194.5480.2450.118
Min3.568750.8737.6380.184−0.15155.280.0350.465
Max7.0621001.01311.50.9650.70673.81.0360.943
Skewness0.0430.371−0.3720.884−2.9020.4230.600−1.7240.415
Kurtosis2.4641.1342.2533.05713.2042.1372.7785.0352.569
Jarque–Bera test1.76 (0.413)24.10 (0.000)6.60 (0.036)18.39 (0.000)822.68 (0.000)8.67 (0.013)8.77 (0.012)94.72 (0.000)5.17 (0.075)
ObservationsN = 144, n = 9, T = 16

MM-QR regression results

OLSQuantile of GHI
LocationScale1st quantile2nd quantile3rd quantile4th quantile5th quantile
FEPI0.0094* (0.0056)−0.002 (0.003)0.012*** (0.004)0.010** (0.004)0.009* (0.005)0.008 (0.006)0.0059 (0.009)
GDI10.127*** (1.772)1.361 (1.042)8.081*** (2.077)9.188*** (1.769)9.995*** (1.762)10.871*** (1.991)12.40*** (2.784)
LGDPpc0.62*** (0.128)−0.061 (0.076)0.712*** (0.114)0.662*** (0.109)0.626*** (0.124)0.586*** (0.156)0.517** (0.351)
FMLC−1.66*** (0.348)0.168 (0.189)−1.913*** (0.330)−1.776*** (0.309)−1.676** (0.340)−1.371*** (0.376)−1.379** (0.577)
GNST−0.20 (0.256)−0.014 (0.158)−0.178 (0.226)−0.190 (0.211)−0.198 (0.247)−0.208 (0.315)−0.224 (0.463)
HLEB−0.026 (0.026)−0.009 (0.015)−0.011 (0.029)−0.019 (0.025)−0.025 (0.026)−0.031 (0.030)−0.042 (0.043)
POC0.082 (0.225)−0.148 (0.135)0.305 (0.235)0.185 (0.210)0.096 (0.222)0.001 (0.265)−0.165 (0.381)
cons−7.767*** (1.303)0.284 (0.73)−8.195*** (1.188)−7.964*** (1.125)−7.795*** (1.269)−7.612*** (1.554)−7.292*** (2.193)

Homogeneity Wald tests

0.100.300.500.70All Quantiles
0.300.500.700.900.500.700.900.700.900.90
FEPI0.41 (0.52)0.41 (0.52)0.42 (0.51)0.42 (0.51)0.40 (0.52)0.41 (0.51)0.42 (0.51)0.42 (0.51)0.42 (0.51)0.41 (0.52)0.43 (0.98)
GDI1.61 (0.20)1.65 (0.19)1.68 (0.19)1.67 (0.19)1.56 (0.21)1.64 (0.20)1.65 (0.19)1.60 (0.20)1.64 (0.20)1.57 (0.21)1.68 (0.79)
LGDPpc0.63 (0.42)0.63 (0.42)0.63 (0.42)0.63 (0.42)0.62 (0.43)0.62 (0.43)0.62 (0.42)0.61 (0.43)0.62 (0.43)0.61 (0.43)0.63 (0.95)
FMLC0.76 (0.38)0.77 (0.37)0.78 (0.37)0.77 (0.38)0.75 (0.38)0.78 (0.37)0.76 (0.38)0.78 (0.37)0.76 (0.38)0.73 (0.39)0.79 (0.93)
GNST0.01 (0.92)0.01 (0.92)0.01 (0.92)0.01 (0.92)0.01 (0.92)0.01 (0.92)0.01 (0.92)0.01 (0.92)0.01 (0.92)0.01 (0.92)0.01 (0.99)
HLEB0.37 (0.54)0.37 (0.54)0.38 (0.53)0.38 (0.53)0.37 (0.54)0.38 (0.53)0.38 (0.53)0.38 (0.53)0.38 (0.53)0.38 (0.53)0.38 (0.98)
POC1.17 (0.27)1.19 (0.27)1.19 (0.27)1.18 (0.27)1.15 (0.28)1.16 (0.28)1.16 (0.28)1.11 (0.29)1.15 (0.28)1.13 (0.28)1.19 (0.87)

Variables and their descriptions

VariableSimply meansSource
Response variable
GHIGlobal Happiness IndexWorld Happiness Report
Independent variables
FEPIFemale Entrepreneurship Indicator ScoreGender Data Portal
GDIGender Development IndexUN Development Programme
LGDPpcLog GDP per capitaWorld Happiness Report
HLEBHealthy life expectancy at birth
FMLCFreedom to make life choices
GNSTGenerosity
POCPerceptions of corruption
HDIHuman Development IndexUN Development Programme
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2023-0011 | Journal eISSN: 2543-6821 | Journal ISSN: 2544-9001
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Language: English
Page range: 180 - 197
Published on: Jul 23, 2023
Published by: Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
entrepreneurship,
female entrepreneurs,
happiness,
method of moments quantile regression,
Southeast Asia countries
Related subjects:
Business and economics,
Political economics,
Economic theory, systems and structures,
Microeconomics,
Macroeconomics,
Economic policy

© 2023 Sabrina Chikh-Amnache, Nabila Chikh-Boubaghela, Lotfi Mekhzoumi, published by Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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