Diversification of student consumption during the pandemic - Albania, Poland and Portugal

Grzywińska-Rąpca, Małgorzata; Duarte, Nelson; Kulli, Altin; Enkelejda, Goci

Diversification of student consumption during the pandemic - Albania, Poland and Portugal

Central European Economic Journal

Volume 9 (2022): Issue 56 (January 2022)

By:

Małgorzata Grzywińska-Rąpca

, Nelson Duarte

, Altin Kulli

and Goci Enkelejda

Open Access

|Nov 2022

Figures & Tables

Variation place to shop before and during the pandemic

type of products	location of purchase (variation= during minus before)	Nationality (Country)
		Albania		Poland		Portugal
		Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male
		[%]
Food and non-alcoholic drinks	Hypermarket	−2.20	16.70	−4.20	−3.70	−6.90	−1.40
	On-line	0.00	0.00	1.00	0.00	2.80	1.50
	Small Shop (close to home)	−2.20	0.00	1.80	3.70	−1.30	0.80
	Supermarket	6.70	−12.50	1.40	0.00	5.60	−2.20
Alcoholic drinks and tobacco	Hypermarket	−2.20	0.00	−7.00	−4.60	−4.20	−2.90
	On-line	0.00	0.00	1.00	0.00	0.00	0.75
	Small Shop (close to home)	−2.20	4.20	−3.20	−2.80	1.40	1.50
	Supermarket	8.90	0.00	9.30	7.40	2.80	−1.50
Clothes and footwear	Hypermarket	−2.30	8.30	−0.70	−1.80	−13.90	−5.10
	On-line	0.00	8.30	2.80	−1.00	33.30	15.50
	Small Shop (close to home)	4.50	0.00	0.70	0.00	−15.30	−7.30
	Supermarket	0.00	−12.50	−2.80	1.80	−4.20	−4.40
Cosmetics	Hypermarket	−2.20	8.30	−0.70	−7.40	−11.10	−3.70
	On-line	2.20	0.00	2.50	−3.60	22.20	4.50
	Small Shop (close to home)	−4.40	0.00	1.00	1.00	−7.00	0.00
	Supermarket	4.40	−4.20	−2.90	10.10	−4.20	−2.90
Personal hygiene items	Hypermarket	−6.60	4.20	−7.50	−6.40	−7.00	−2.90
	On-line	−4.40	4.20	2.10	1.80	8.30	1.50
	Small Shop (close to home)	6.70	0.00	2.10	1.80	−2.80	−0.70
	Supermarket	11.20	0.00	3.20	2.70	0.00	0.80
Household Chemicals	Hypermarket	8.90	8.30	13.10	14.70	44.40	36.00
	On-line	−2.20	0.00	5.60	1.90	1.40	1.50
	Small Shop (close to home)	6.70	0.00	1.70	1.80	0.00	0.00
	Supermarket	4.40	4.20	−0.70	6.40	1.40	−0.80

Relationship between where you shop before and during a pandemic

type of products	Statistics		Nationality (Country)
		Albania		Poland			Portugal
		Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male
Food and non-alcoholic drinks	Chi-kwadrat Pearsona	Value	35,196	6,730	177,637	85,641	167,529	285,638
		df	10	3	9	4	12	16
		Asymptotic significance (two-sided)	<.001	,081	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001
	V Kramera	Value	,625	,871	,458	,627	,881	,725
	V Kramera	Approximate significance	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001
Alcoholic drinks and tobacco	Chi-kwadrat Pearsona	Value	44,563	39,260	267,537	79,069	193,833	354,956
		df	10	6	9	4	9	16
		Asymptotic significance (two-sided)	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001
	V Kramera	Value	0.704	0.904	,562	,602	,947	,808
	V Kramera	Approximate significance	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001
Clothes and footwear	Chi-kwadrat Pearsona	Value	70,686	25,402	258,893	87,973	169,811	350,391
		df	21	6	9	9	16	16
		Asymptotic significance (two-sided)	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001
	V Kramera	Value	,724	,727	,553	,519	,768	,803
	V Kramera	Approximate significance	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001
Cosmetics	Chi-kwadrat Pearsona	Value	46,725	40,406	309,054	106,152	184,008	365,397
		df	15	8	9	9	16	16
		Asymptotic significance (two-sided)	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001
	V Kramera	Value	,588	,917	,604	,570	,799	,820
	V Kramera	Approximate significance	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001
Personal hygiene items	Chi-kwadrat Pearsona	Value	39,259	11,257	264,285	150,115	133,637	291,304
		df	12	6	9	9	16	16
		Asymptotic significance (two-sided)	<.001	,081	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001
	V Kramera	Value	,660	,484	,559	,678	,681	,732
	Approximate significance	<.001	,081	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001
Household Chemicals	Chi-kwadrat Pearsona	Value	33,622	14,232	224,144	129,318	192,771	342,632
		df	12	3	9	9	12	16
		Asymptotic significance (two-sided)	<.001	,003	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001
	V Kramera	Value	,611	,770	,515	,629	,794	,791
	V Kramera	Approximate significance	<.001	,003	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001

Changes in the level of spending in the pandemic

Considering the monthly expenses	The characteristics of the change	Nationality (Country)
		Albania		Poland		Portugal
		Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male
		[%]
Books, newspapers, magazines	Decreased	35.6	37.5	95.7	89.0	20.8	9.6
	Increased	11.1	25.0	0.4	3.7	13.9	14.0
	Kept the same	53.3	37.5	3.9	7.3	65.3	74.3
Cinema, Theater, Phillarmonic Hall, Museum	Decreased	57.8	45.8	50.0	52.3	68.1	42.6
	Increased	6.7	33.3	12.8	11.9	1.4	5.9
	Kept the same	35.6	20.8	37.2	35.8	30.6	48.5
Music	Decreased	28.9	20.8	63.5	67.9	38.9	13.2
	Increased	15.6	20.8	15.2	16.5	6.9	20.6
	Kept the same	55.6	58.3	21.3	15.6	54.2	61.8
Restaurants, Pubs, …	Decreased	48.9	45.8	22.0	26.6	58.3	45.6
	Increased	15.6	16.7	38.7	44.0	9.7	11.0
	Kept the same	35.6	37.5	39.4	29.4	30.6	40.4
Gymn, Fitness, Swimming pool	Decreased	42.2	41.7	60.6	53.2	63.9	37.5
	Increased	15.6	16.7	9.9	18.3	4.2	19.1
	Kept the same	42.2	41.7	29.4	28.4	31.9	39.0
Fees for cable, internet, streaming platforms	Decreased	11.1	16.7	41.8	32.1	6.9	2.2
	Increased	40.0	25.0	16.3	24.8	29.2	40.4
	Kept the same	48.9	58.3	41.8	43.1	63.9	52.9
Hairdressing services	Decreased	42.2	37.5	56.0	64.2	44.4	21.3
	Increased	11.1	12.5	16.3	5.5	6.9	8.1
	Kept the same	46.7	50.0	27.7	30.3	48.6	66.9
Beauty services	Decreased	33.3	41.7	56.7	85.3	51.4	23.5
	Increased	13.3	8.3	13.8	6.4	4.2	3.7
	Kept the same	53.3	50.0	29.4	8.3	44.4	68.4
Relaxation treatments, SPA	Decreased	44.4	45.8	84.0	89.9	52.8	25.7
	Increased	11.1	20.8	5.7	3.7	4.2	3.7
	Kept the same	44.4	33.3	10.3	6.4	43.1	65.4
Postgraduate studies	Decreased	33.3	33.3	84.0	85.3	19.4	8.1
	Increased	66.7	66.7	8.5	9.2	4.2	7.4
	Kept the same	0.0	0.0	7.4	5.5	69.4	78.7
Language courses	Decreased	44.4	54.2	89.0	85.3	18.1	8.8
	Increased	55.6	45.8	3.5	5.5	11.1	10.3
	Kept the same	0.0	0.0	7.4	9.2	65.3	74.3
Vocational Courses and Trainning	Decreased	44.4	41.7	89.4	78.9	19.4	11.0
	Increased	55.6	58.3	5.3	6.4	19.4	8.8
	Kept the same	0.0	0.0	5.3	14.7	55.6	73.5

Summary of developments in education, trade and transport after the pandemic (April 2020) (timeframe)

Specification	Albania	Poland	Portugal
Form of learning – exercises	Face to face only	On-line	on-line
Form of learning – lectures	Face to face only	On-line	on-line
Library accessibility	Face to face with mask restrictions	On-line	Face to face with restrictions. Mandatory booking to collect the books, contactless procedure to return the books.
Trade	In sanitary rigor (masks, distance)	In sanitary rigor (masks, distance). Some establishments were closed, like pubs, or gyms, and some others like restaurants were only allowed to sell in take-away service.	Mask, Distance, and a limited number of people according to the establishment dimension. Some establishments were closed, like pubs, or gyms, and some others like restaurants were only allowed to sell in take-away service.
Health	COVID19 vaccination. The need for quarantine (14 days) after contact with an infected person; Mandatory tests for sars-cov 2 virus, to travel and to accede some places	COVID19 vaccination; the need for quarantine (14 days) after contact with an infected person; the need to test for sars-cov 2 virus.	COVID19 vaccination that started only in December 2020; The need for quarantine (14 days) after contact with an infected person; Mandatory tests for sars-cov 2 virus, to travel and to accede some places
Transport/Communication	Mask, Distance, and limited number of people according to the transport capacity	Mask, Distance, and limited number of people according to the transport capacity	Mask, Distance, and limited number of people according to the transport capacity
Cultural institutions (Cinema, theatre)	Closed	In sanitary rigor (masks, distance)	Closed

Change in the frequency of purchases after the pandemic

Has „one-time” quantity of products purchased during the pandemic changed?	Nationality (Country)
	Albania	Poland			Portugal
	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male
	[%]
Food and non-alcoholic drinks	Decreased	8.9	12.5	5.7	4.6	4.2	4.4
	Increased	20.0	25.0	27.3	27.5	12.5	14.0
	Kept the same	71.1	62.5	67.0	67.9	81.9	80.1
Alcoholic drinks and tobacco	Decreased	48.9	37.5	27.7	30.3	18.1	16.2
	Increased	8.9	16.7	13.5	23.9	6.9	8.8
	Kept the same	42.2	45.8	58.9	45.9	69.4	68.4
Clothes and footwear	Decreased	24.4	37.5	58.9	43.1	37.5	29.4
	Increased	20.0	8.3	14.2	10.1	9.7	10.3
	Kept the same	55.6	54.2	27.0	46.8	51.4	58.8
Cosmetics	Decreased	37.8	37.5	37.2	20.2	37.5	19.1
	Increased	13.3	4.2	12.1	22.0	5.6	2.2
	Kept the same	48.9	58.3	50.7	57.8	55.6	73.5
Personal hygiene items	Decreased	4.4	8.3	5.0	10.1	1.4	4.4
	Increased	51.1	41.7	26.2	27.5	15.3	25.0
	Kept the same	44.4	50.0	68.8	62.4	81.9	69.1
Household Chemicals	Decreased	6.7	8.3	6.0	8.3	2.8	6.6
	Increased	53.3	58.3	21.6	17.4	22.2	14.0
	Kept the same	40.0	33.3	72.3	74.3	73.6	75.7

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2022-0018 | Journal eISSN: 2543-6821 | Journal ISSN: 2544-9001

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Language: English

Page range: 309 - 322

Published on: Nov 30, 2022

Published by: Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 times per year

Keywords:

shopping behaviour,

pandemic,

COVID-19

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Political economics,

Economic theory, systems and structures,

Microeconomics,

Macroeconomics,

Economic policy

© 2022 Małgorzata Grzywińska-Rąpca, Nelson Duarte, Altin Kulli, Goci Enkelejda, published by Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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