References
- Asadullah, M. N., & Xiao, S. (2019). Labor Market Returns to Education and English Language Skills in the People's Republic of China: An Update. Asian Development Review, 36(1), 80–111.
https://doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00124 - Badora, B. (2021). Wydatki rodziców na edukację dzieci w roku szkolnym 2021/2022. Komunikat z badań 136/2021. Warsaw: Fundacja CBOS.
https://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2021/K_136_21.PDF - Becker, G. S., & Tomes, N. (1979). An Equilibrium Theory of the Distribution of Income and Intergenerational Mobility. Journal of Political Economy, 87(6), 1153–1189.
- Bray, M. (2021). Shadow Education in Europe: Growing Prevalence, Underlying Forces, and Policy Implications. ECNU Review of Education, 4(3), 442–475.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2096531119890142 - Bray, M., & Kwok, P. (2003). Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring: Conceptual Considerations, and Socio-economic Patterns in Hong Kong. Economics of Education Review, 22(6), 611–620.
- Buchmann, C., DiPrete, T. A., & McDaniel, A. (2008). Gender Inequalities in Education. Annual Review of Sociology, 34(1), 319–337.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134719 - Covay, E., & Carbonaro, W. (2010). After the Bell: Participation in Extracurricular Activities, Classroom Behavior, and Academic Achievement. Sociology of Education, 83(1), 20–45.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040709356565 - Dang, H. A., & Rogers, F. H. (2016). The Decision to Invest in Child Quality Over Quantity: Household Size and Household Investment in Education in Vietnam. The World Bank Economic Review, 30(1), 104–142.
- Di Paolo, A., & Tansel, A. (2015). Returns to Foreign Language Skills in a Developing Country: The Case of Turkey. The Journal of Development Studies, 51(4), 407–421.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2015.1019482 - Długosz, P. (2016). Private Lessons as an Instrument for Middle Class Status Struggle in Post-Socialist Societies: Poland and Ukraine Case Studies. Economics & Sociology, 9(1), 173–191.
https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2016/9-1/12 - Dolata, R. (2011). Analiza różnicowania się systemu oświaty w Polsce na poziomie szkół podstawowych i gimnazjów, edycja 2011. Warsaw: Centralna Komisja Egzaminacyjna, Warszawa.
- Domański, H. (2007). Struktura Społeczna. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
- Exley, S. (2020). Selective Schooling and Its Relationship to Private Tutoring: The Case of South Korea. Comparative Education, 56(2), 218–235.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2019.1687230 - Fletcher, A. C., Nickerson, P., & Wright, K. L. (2003). Structured Leisure Activities in Middle Childhood: Links to Well-Being. Journal of Community Psychology, 31(6), 641–659.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.10075 - Gajewska-Dyszkiewicz, A., Kutyłowska, K., Kulon, F., Paczuska, K., Rycielska, L., & Szpotowicz, M. (2014). Lessons of English in Polish Schools: A Third-Grade Lower Secondary School Perspective. EDUKACJA, 6(131), 81–96.
- Gromkowska-Melosik, A. (2011). Edukacja i (nie) równość społeczna kobiet. Studium dynamiki dostępu. Kraków: Oficyna Wydawnicza „Impuls”.
- Guill, K., Lüdtke, O., & Schwanenberg, J. (2020). A Two-Level Study of Predictors of Private Tutoring Attendance at the Beginning of Secondary Schooling in Germany: The Role of Individual Learning Support in the Classroom. British Educational Research Journal, 46(2), 437–457.
https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3586 - Hawrot, A. (2018). Out-of-School Learning Assistance in Adolescence. Educational Psychology, 38(4), 513–534.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2017.1392006 - Hawrot, A. (2022). Do School-Related Factors Affect Private Tutoring Attendance? Predictors of Private Tutoring in Maths and German among German Tenth-Graders. Research Papers in Education. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2022.2089209 - Heath, R. D., Anderson, C., Turner, A. C., & Payne, C. M. (2022). Extracurricular Activities and Disadvantaged Youth: A Complicated—But Promising—Story. Urban Education, 57(8), 1415–1449.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085918805797 - Holm, A., & Jæger, M. M. (2008). Does Relative Risk Aversion Explain Educational Inequality? A Dynamic Choice Approach. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 26(3), 199–219.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2008.05.004 - Kim, S., & Lee, J. (2010). Private Tutoring and Demand for Education in South Korea. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 58(2), 259–296.
https://doi.org/10.1086/648186 - Kłobuszewska, M. (2019). Wydatki rodziców na edukację dzieci a publiczny system oświaty [Doctoral dissertation, Warsaw University]. Repozytorium UW,
https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3496 - Kopańska, A., & Sztanderska, U. (2015). Prywatne i publiczne wydatki na oświatę: Raport jubileuszowy. Warszawa: Instytut Badań Edukacyjnych.
- Kotarski, H. (2020). Cultural and Social Factors Determining the Use of Private Tutoring Services in Poland. New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences, 7(2), 01–09.
https://doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v7i2.5012 - Lareau, A. (2003). Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Liwiński, J. (2019). The Wage Premium from Foreign Language Skills. Empirica, 46(4), 691–711.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-019-09459-0 - Liwiński, J., & Bendyk, E. (2016). Does It Pay to Invest in the Education of Children? Ekonomia Journal, 47.
https://doi.org/10.17451/eko/47/2016/213 - Lleras, C. (2008). Do Skills and Behaviors in High School Matter? The Contribution of Noncognitive Factors in Explaining Differences in Educational Attainment and Earnings. Social Science Research, 37(3), 888–902.
- Lucas, S. (2001). Effectively Maintained Inequality: Education Transitions, Track Mobility, and Social Background Effects. American Journal of Sociology, 106(6), 1642–1690.
https://doi.org/10.1086/321300 - Matsuoka, R. (2018). Inequality in Shadow Education Participation in an Egalitarian Compulsory Education System. Comparative Education Review, 62(4), 565–586.
https://doi.org/10.1086/699831 - Meier, A., Hartmann, B. S., & Larson, R. (2018). A Quarter Century of Participation in School-Based Extracurricular Activities: Inequalities by Race, Class, Gender and Age? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(6), 1299–1316.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0838-1 - Molinuevo, B., Bonillo, A., Pardo, Y., Doval, E., & Torrubia, R. (2010). Participation in Extracurricular Activities and Emotional and Behavioral Adjustment in Middle Childhood in Spanish Boys and Girls. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(7), 842–857.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20399 - OECD. (2011). Quality Time for Students: Learning In and Out of School. Paris: OECD.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264087057-en - Park, H., Buchmann, C., Choi, J., & Merry, J. J. (2016). Learning Beyond the School Walls: Trends and Implications. Annual Review of Sociology, 42(1), 231–252.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-081715-074341 - Rokicka, M., & Sztanderska, U. (2013). Cechy społeczno-ekonomiczne rodziny a ponoszenie wydatków na prywatne dobra i usługi edukacyjne. Edukacja, 1(121), 7–23.
- Sadura, P. (2017). Państwo, szkoła, klasy. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej.
- Safarzyńska, K. (2013). Socio-Economic Determinants of Demand for Private Tutoring. European Sociological Review, 29(2), 139–154.
https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcr045 - Silova, I. (2010). Private Tutoring in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: Policy Choices and Implications. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 40(3), 327–344.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03057920903361926 - Smyth, E. (2009). Buying Your Way Into College? Private Tuition and the Transition to Higher Education in Ireland. Oxford Review of Education, 35(1).
https://doi.org/10.1080/03054980801981426 - Šťastný, V. (2016). Private Supplementary Tutoring in the Czech Republic. European Education, 48(1), 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10564934.2016.1147006 - Šťastný, V., Greger, D., & Soukup, P. (2021). Does the Quality of School Instruction Relate to the Use of Additional Tutoring in Science? Comparative Analysis of Five Post-Socialist Countries. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 32(1), 24–46.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2020.1770809 - Tansel, A., & Bircan, F. (2006). Demand for Education in Turkey: A Tobit Analysis of Private Tutoring Expenditures. Economics of Education Review, 25(3), 303–313.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.02.003 - Tsiplakides, I. (2018). Shadow Education and Social Class Inequalities in Secondary Education in Greece: The Case of Teaching English as a Foreign Language. International Journal of Sociology of Education, 7(1), 71–93.
https://doi.org/doi:10.17583/rise.2018.2987 - Zwier, D., Geven, S., & van de Werfhorst, H. G. (2020). Social Inequality in Shadow Education: The Role of High-Stakes Testing. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 61(6), 412–440.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715220984500
