Identity and Private Transfers of Time and Money

	Longitudinal	Cross sectional	Cross sectional
	Respondent	Parent-Child	Respondent-Confidant
Mean
Respondent's age (years)	66.13	68.50	67.37
Respondent's number of ADLs	0.24	0.48	0.20
Respondent's number of IADLs	0.42	0.88	0.37
Respondent's extended family size	9.21	9.30	9.07
Time transfers (hours per week)	25.16	-	-
Money transfers (euro)	2,621	-	-
Percentage
Female respondents	58.25	66.74	65.28
Respondents living alone	26.96	41.60	33.53
Respondents with non-genetic children	11.46	13.00	12.94
Respondents making ends meet
With great difficulty	11.77	14.31	10.11
With some difficulty	27.52	29.01	24.27
Fairly easily	30.41	29.27	26.90
Easily	30.31	27.41	38.72
Time transfers occurrence	22.07	85.45	28.84
Money transfers occurrence	7.60	30.54	10.79
Observations	434,575	25,475	40,699

[i] Note. Hours of time transfers and amounts of money transfers excluding outliers above 99.5 and 99.9 percentile, respectively. ADL, limitation with an activity of daily living; IADL, limitation with an instrumental activity of daily living.

[ii] Source. Authors’ own tabulations based on SHARE waves 1–2, 4–6, release 6.1.1.

Table 2

Percentage of Transfer Donors With Respect to Selected Characteristics in the Longitudinal and Cross-sectional Research Samples

	Longitudinal Respondent		Cross-sectional Parent-Child		Cross-sectional Respondent-Confidant
	Time	Money	Time	Money	Time	Money
Geographical proximity to donor
< 1 km	1.92	0.75	1.92	0.75	50.24	16.47
1 – 5 km	48.29	19.42	48.29	19.42	17.63	17.50
5 – 25 km	17.63	19.05	17.63	19.05	18.16	22.99
25 – 100 km	18.18	23.24	18.18	23.24	8.66	18.00
100 – 500 km	8.71	16.18	8.71	16.18	4.32	17.66
> 500 km	5.28	21.36	5.28	21.36	0.99	8.13
Contact with donor
Daily	44.13	40.81	10.06	4.94	11.25	5.67
Several times a week	33.69	31.63	19.10	13.18	33.55	14.57
Once a week	15.05	17.24	23.48	17.13	22.26	19.84
Every two weeks	4.36	5.72	24.19	19.77	20.96	24.70
Once a month	2.07	3.51	13.68	13.84	7.48	16.60
Less than once a month	0.65	0.96	7.42	16.14	3.30	13.36
Never	0.06	0.13	2.06	14.99	1.21	5.26
Observations	19,182	4,790	1,550	607	2,152	247

[i] Source. Authors’ own tabulations based on SHARE waves 1–2, 4–6, release 6.1.1.

Table 3

Estimates of the Impact of Geographical Proximity Between Donors and Recipients on Private Transfers Using Panel Data With Unobserved Individual Effects

	(1)	(1a)	(1b)	(1c)	(2)
	Time Transfer	Household Help	Personal Care	Paperwork Help	Money Transfer
	Extensive Margin
Geographical proximity	(ref.: same building)
< 1 km	3.75e-05	−0.00859^*	−0.0612^***	−0.0767^**	0.000398
	(4.03e-05)	(0.00207)	(0.00455)	(0.0154)	(0.000447)
1 to 5 km	8.39e-05	−0.0614^***	−0.0453^***	0.00707	0.000167
	(9.30e-05)	(0.00375)	(0.00190)	(0.0172)	(0.000181)
5 to 25 km	6.22e-05	−0.0622^**	−0.0507^**	−0.00752	0.000194
	(4.87e-05)	(0.0119)	(0.00589)	(0.0152)	(0.000196)
25 to 100 km	9.99e-05	−0.0813^*	−0.0477^**	−0.00343	9.21e-05
	(7.75e-05)	(0.0218)	(0.0108)	(0.00251)	(0.000102)
100 to 500 km	−0.00121	−0.0901^**	−0.0572^*	0.0228	−0.00232
	(0.00116)	(0.0173)	(0.0163)	(0.0178)	(0.00251)
> 500 km	0.000157	−0.0976^**	−0.0186	−0.0582^**	0.000219
	(0.000140)	(0.0192)	(0.0563)	(0.00848)	(0.000242)
Observations	17,594	11,132	11,132	11,132	5,247
R-squared	0.004	0.058	0.154	0.149	0.010
Number of waves	5	3	3	3	5
	Intensive Margin
Geographical proximity	(ref.: < 1 km or the same building)
1 to 5 km	0.157	0.277	−0.123^**	−0.306^**	0.0600
	(0.0497)	(0.111)	(0.00968)	(0.0190)	(0.0213)
5 to 25 km	0.0304	0.127	−0.149	−0.413^*	−0.0677
	(0.0986)	(0.139)	(0.335)	(0.0477)	(0.0476)
25 to 100 km	−0.196^*	−0.0425	−0.207	−0.784	−0.111
	(0.0193)	(0.0732)	(0.156)	(0.145)	(0.0579)
100 to 500 km	−0.335^*	−0.232	0.210	−1.128^***	0.0732
	(0.0418)	(0.0506)	(0.0888)	(0.0173)	(0.0729)
> 500 km	−0.233	0.0261	0.383	−1.577	0.0358
	(0.415)	(0.590)	(1.588)	(0.268)	(0.207)
Observations	6,249	5,302	672	1,935	1,538
R-squared	0.224	0.264	0.224	0.318	0.375
Number of waves	2	2	2	2	2
IV	Yes	yes	yes	yes	yes
Controls	Yes	yes	yes	yes	yes

Note. Standard errors clustered by household in parentheses.

Fixed effects with IV: exchange rate and controls: age, gender, number of ADLs and IADLs, ability to make ends meet, household and family size, country of residence.

Source. Authors’ own estimations based on SHARE waves 1–2, 4–6, release 6.1.1.

*** p < 0.01;

** p < 0.05;

* p < 0.1.

Table 4

Estimates of the Impact of Genetic Proximity Between Donors and Recipients on Private Transfers Using Panel Data With Unobserved Individual Effects

	(1)	(1a)	(1b)	(1c)	(2)
	Time Transfer	Household Help	Personal Care	Paperwork Help	Money Transfer
	Extensive Margin
Genetic proximity	(ref.: own child)
Parents	−5.52e-06	−0.0347^**	0.145^***	0.00710	−0.0285
	(6.43e-05)	(0.00801)	(0.0113)	(0.00300)	(0.0222)
Siblings	−1.27e-05	−0.0156	0.00893	−0.120^**	−0.0232
	(3.58e-05)	(0.0145)	(0.00329)	(0.0180)	(0.0174)
Parents-in-law	−0.00308	−0.00588	0.0907^**	−0.0203	−0.0230
	(0.00318)	(0.0389)	(0.0161)	(0.0150)	(0.0147)
Children-in-law	−4.01e-06	0.0157	0.00383	−0.122^**	−0.0111
	(1.24e-05)	(0.0128)	(0.0118)	(0.0135)	(0.00866)
Grandchildren	2.30e-05	0.0257	0.00287	−0.158^***	0.00302
	(5.54e-05)	(0.0117)	(0.00825)	(0.00541)	(0.00625)
Other relatives	−0.000602	−0.00165	−0.00867	−0.144^**	−0.0245
	(0.000662)	(0.00397)	(0.00523)	(0.0163)	(0.0194)
Friends	−0.000357	0.0153	−0.00703	−0.134^**	−0.00235
	(0.000386)	(0.00763)	(0.00259)	(0.0228)	(0.00387)
Neighbours	−4.17e-05	0.0804^**	−0.0242^**	−0.232^***	−0.000738
	(4.09e-05)	(0.0134)	(0.00278)	(0.0149)	(0.0178)
Other unrelated	−1.36e-05	−0.0854^***	0.0571	−0.0976	−0.0178
	(3.39e-05)	(0.00350)	(0.0297)	(0.0366)	(0.0131)
Observations	44,789	23,953	23,953	23,953	13,232
R-squared	0.005	0.049	0.203	0.152	0.055
Number of waves	5	3	3	3	5
	Intensive Margin
Genetic proximity	(ref.: own child)
Parents	0.522	0.536	0.510	0.977^**	0.540^**
	(0.207)	(0.210)	(0.336)	(0.0707)	(0.0338)
Siblings	−0.361^*	−0.410	−0.137	−0.699	0.124
	(0.0445)	(0.0931)	(0.0703)	(0.219)	(0.140)
Parents-in-law	0.615	0.461^*	0.910^*	1.473	0.523^*
	(0.170)	(0.0448)	(0.106)	(0.993)	(0.0525)
Children-in-law	−0.425^***	−0.435^**	−0.144	−0.555^**	0.437
	(0.00506)	(0.0171)	(0.0640)	(0.0334)	(0.178)
Grandchildren	−0.279	−0.424	−0.208	−0.300	−0.318
	(0.112)	(0.131)	(0.0406)	(0.305)	(0.0681)
Other relatives	−0.510	−0.593	−0.533	−0.683^**	0.448^**
	(0.104)	(0.149)	(0.668)	(0.0212)	(0.0128)
Friends	−0.616^*	−0.597	−0.610	−0.909	−0.214
	(0.0901)	(0.119)	(0.332)	(0.151)	(0.340)
Neighbours	−0.848^**	−1.019^***	−1.315	−0.560^**	−0.0553
	(0.0148)	(0.0141)	(0.514)	(0.0347)	(0.323)
Other unrelated	−0.311^*	−0.0481	0.158	−0.963	0.118
	(0.0296)	(0.0454)	(0.330)	(0.229)	(0.322)
Observations	10,454	8,684	1,143	3,118	2,336
R-squared	0.245	0.284	0.248	0.373	0.333
Number of waves	2	2	2	2	2
IV	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes
Controls	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes

Source. Authors’ own estimations based on SHARE waves 1–2, release 6.1.1.

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05,

* p < 0.1.

Table 5

Effects on Private Transfers (Extensive Margin) Received From Confidants and From Children Using Cross-sectional Data

	Confidants		Children
	Time Transfer	Money Transfer	Time Transfer	Money Transfer
Donor is a confidant	-	-	0.0536^***	−0.00686
	-	-	(0.0199)	(0.00967)
Donor is a stepchild	-	-	−0.00378	−0.0102^**
	-	-	(0.00644)	(0.00456)
Geographical proximity (ref: same building)
< 1 km	−0.0187^**	−0.00224	0.000946	0.000509
	(0.00908)	(0.00244)	(0.0214)	(0.0127)
1 to 5 km	−0.0326^***	−0.00161	−0.0219	0.00249
	(0.00916)	(0.00265)	(0.0200)	(0.0123)
5 to 25 km	−0.0430^***	−0.00119	−0.0194	−0.00968
	(0.00908)	(0.00270)	(0.0200)	(0.0119)
25 to 100 km	−0.0577^***	−0.00316	−0.0231	0.000538
	(0.00925)	(0.00280)	(0.0199)	(0.0124)
100 to 500 km	−0.0730^***	0.00106	−0.0419^**	0.0123
	(0.00928)	(0.00327)	(0.0196)	(0.0133)
> 500 km	−0.0684^***	−0.000851	−0.0457^**	0.0105
	(0.00955)	(0.00382)	(0.0194)	(0.0132)
Emotional proximity (ref: not very close)
Somewhat close	0.00183	−0.00124	-	-
	(0.0105)	(0.00262)	-	-
Very close	0.0173^*	0.00101	-	-
	(0.0104)	(0.00266)	-	-
Extremely close	0.0386^***	0.00861^***	-	-
	(0.0109)	(0.00305)	-	-
Contact (ref.: daily)
Several times a week	-	-	−0.00932	−0.0110^*
	-	-	(0.00883)	(0.00603)
Once a week	-	-	−0.0207^**	−0.00850
	-	-	(0.00898)	(0.00681)
Every two weeks	-	-	−0.0426^***	0.000263
	-	-	(0.00916)	(0.00913)
Once a month	-	-	−0.0469^***	−0.0158^*
	-	-	(0.00932)	(0.00811)
Less than once a month	-	-	−0.0523^***	−0.0253^***
	-	-	(0.00882)	(0.00736)
Never	-	-	−0.0666^***	−0.0329^***
	-	-	(0.00895)	(0.00657)
Observations	28,156	28,156	6,227	6,227
R-squared	0.064	0.009	0.058	0.030
IV	yes	yes	yes	yes
Donor's characteristics	yes	yes	yes	yes
Controls	yes	yes	yes	yes

Note. Standard errors clustered by household in parentheses. IV: exchange rate; donor's characteristics: age and gender, and genetic relatedness in the case of confidants (and education, marital status, and employment state in the case of children); controls: respondent's age, gender, income decile group, living arrangement, extended family size, number of ADLs and IADLs, and country of residence.

Source. Authors’ own estimations based on SHARE wave 6, release 6.1.1.

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05,

* p < 0.1.

Table 6

Effects on Private Transfers (Extensive Margin) Received From Related and Unrelated Confidants Using Cross-sectional Data

	Related Confidants		Unrelated Confidants
	Time Transfer	Money Transfer	Time Transfer	Money Transfer
Genetic proximity
	(ref: own child)		(ref: neighbour)
Child-in-law	0.0429^***	0.00418
	(0.0140)	(0.00583)
Cousin	0.00776	0.00605
	(0.0112)	(0.00555)
Other relative	−0.00605	0.00351
	(0.0117)	(0.00575)
Other unrelated			−0.0474^***	0.000698
			(0.00764)	(0.00120)
Geographical proximity (ref.: same building)
< 1km	−0.0395^**	−0.00423	−0.00726	−0.000437
	(0.0169)	(0.00627)	(0.0104)	(0.00141)
1 to 5 km	−0.0490^***	−0.00672	−0.0230^**	0.00160
	(0.0165)	(0.00598)	(0.0105)	(0.00188)
5 to 25 km	−0.0640^***	−0.00552	−0.0321^***	0.00181
	(0.0162)	(0.00600)	(0.0105)	(0.00201)
25 to 100 km	−0.0873^***	−0.00954	−0.0406^***	0.00164
	(0.0163)	(0.00609)	(0.0108)	(0.00226)
100 to 500 km	−0.106^***	−0.00350	−0.0495^***	0.00369
	(0.0161)	(0.00649)	(0.0111)	(0.00321)
> 500 km	−0.0938^***	−0.00373	−0.0538^***	−0.000459
Emotional proximity (ref: not very close)	(0.0166)	(0.00714)	(0.0108)	(0.00329)
Somewhat close	−0.0272	−0.00805	0.00646	0.000134
	(0.0262)	(0.0126)	(0.0112)	(0.000562)
Very close	−0.0115	−0.00552	0.0198^*	0.00242^***
	(0.0261)	(0.0126)	(0.0112)	(0.000725)
Extremely close	0.00581	0.00365	0.0446^***	0.00792^***
	(0.0265)	(0.0127)	(0.0121)	(0.00203)
Observations	11,097	11,097	17,057	17,057
R-squared	0.012	0.088	0.009	0.051
IV	yes	yes	yes	yes
Donor's characteristics	yes	yes	yes	yes
Controls	yes	yes	yes	yes

Note. Robust standard errors clustered by household in parentheses. IV: exchange rate; donor's characteristics: age and gender; controls: respondent's age, gender, income decile group, living arrangement, extended family size, number of ADLs and IADLs, and country of residence.

Source. Authors’ own estimations based on SHARE wave 6, release 6.1.1.

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05,

* p < 0.1.

Table A1

Country Structure of the Longitudinal and Cross-sectional Research Samples

	Longitudinal	Cross-sectional	Cross-sectional
	Respondent	Parent-Child	Respondent-Confidant
Percentage
Austria	5.90	4.89	4.85
Belgium	8.88	8.14	8.41
Croatia	0.98	3.71	3.54
Czech Republic	7.53	7.50	7.49
Denmark	5.56	5.52	5.51
Estonia	7.16	8.32	8.51
France	7.70	5.72	5.83
Germany	6.62	6.42	6.27
Greece	4.18	7.18	7.00
Hungary	1.20	0.00	0.00
Israel	3.87	3.15	3.18
Italy	7.31	7.56	7.60
Luxembourg	1.20	2.23	2.20
Poland	2.42	2.77	2.78
Portugal	1.46	2.55	2.54
Slovenia	3.98	6.42	5.58
Spain	7.96	8.13	7.96
Sweden	6.46	5.91	5.91
Switzerland	4.41	3.88	3.83

[i] Source. Authors’ own tabulations based on SHARE waves 1–2, 4–6, release 6.1.1.

Table A2

Effects on Private Transfers (Extensive Margin) From Children Using Cross-sectional Data, by Recipients’ Age Groups

	50–59		60–69		70–79		80+
	Time Transfer	Money Transfer	Time Transfer	Money Transfer	Time Transfer	Money transfer	Time Transfer	Money Transfer
Donor is a confidant	0.0221	−0.00435	0.0454^*	−0.00542	0.138^***	−0.0389^***	−0.000411	−0.00410
	(0.0436)	(0.0294)	(0.0266)	(0.0163)	(0.0527)	(0.0105)	(0.0464)	(0.0285)
Donor is a stepchild	−0.00190	0.0203^*	0.00105	−0.0131^**	−0.0137	−0.0144	−0.0433^*	−0.0432^**
	(0.0174)	(0.0117)	(0.00879)	(0.00644)	(0.0143)	(0.00932)	(0.0238)	(0.0170)
Geographical proximity (ref: same building)
< 1 km	−0.000955	0.00888	0.0104	0.00333	0.00999	0.00247	−0.00920	0.0116
	(0.0515)	(0.00883)	(0.0304)	(0.0228)	(0.0414)	(0.0236)	(0.0666)	(0.0154)
1 to 5 km	0.00670	0.0382^**	−0.0277	−0.00794	−0.0123	8.69e−05	−0.0104	0.0163
	(0.0498)	(0.0157)	(0.0268)	(0.0210)	(0.0387)	(0.0229)	(0.0614)	(0.0226)
5 to 25 km	0.0121	0.0243^*	−0.0306	−0.0256	−0.0165	−0.00380	0.0326	0.00396
	(0.0498)	(0.0134)	(0.0269)	(0.0202)	(0.0387)	(0.0233)	(0.0641)	(0.0151)
25 to 100 km	0.00476	0.0189^*	−0.0178	−0.00488	−0.0286	−6.07e−05	0.000879	0.0219
	(0.0486)	(0.0105)	(0.0274)	(0.0216)	(0.0375)	(0.0237)	(0.0656)	(0.0178)
100 to 500 km	0.000178	0.0429^***	−0.0488^*	0.00721	−0.0419	0.0142	−0.0373	0.0191
	(0.0491)	(0.0165)	(0.0269)	(0.0233)	(0.0376)	(0.0252)	(0.0649)	(0.0225)
> 500 km	−0.0139	0.0414^**	−0.0513^*	−0.00440	−0.0363	0.0201	−0.0366	0.0354
	(0.0474)	(0.0191)	(0.0266)	(0.0217)	(0.0370)	(0.0252)	(0.0624)	(0.0244)
Contact (ref.: daily)
Several times a week	−0.0175	0.0132	−0.00526	−0.0182^*	−0.0170	−0.00775	−0.00790	−0.0169
	(0.0197)	(0.0121)	(0.0129)	(0.00999)	(0.0177)	(0.0126)	(0.0297)	(0.0142)
Once a week	−0.0252	−0.00401	−0.00120	−0.00423	−0.0320^*	−0.0106	−0.0514^*	−0.0102
	(0.0217)	(0.0128)	(0.0140)	(0.0116)	(0.0173)	(0.0131)	(0.0298)	(0.0181)
Every two weeks	−0.0491^**	0.00816	−0.0243^*	−0.00913	−0.0451^**	−0.0106	−0.0936^***	0.0534
	(0.0205)	(0.0203)	(0.0139)	(0.0139)	(0.0192)	(0.0170)	(0.0317)	(0.0329)
Once a month	−0.0463^**	−0.0122	−0.0346^***	−0.0106	−0.0428^**	−0.0182	−0.114^***	−0.0185
	(0.0233)	(0.0143)	(0.0129)	(0.0143)	(0.0206)	(0.0174)	(0.0311)	(0.0169)
Less than once a month	−0.0663^***	−0.0324^**	−0.0285^**	−0.0373^***	−0.0613^***	−0.0222	−0.0941^***	0.00629
	(0.0192)	(0.0135)	(0.0135)	(0.0109)	(0.0189)	(0.0160)	(0.0294)	(0.0283)
Never	−0.0784^***	−0.0358^**	−0.0427^***	−0.0414^***	−0.0409^**	−0.0320^**	−0.120^***	−0.0218
	(0.0232)	(0.0150)	(0.0132)	(0.0125)	(0.0188)	(0.0137)	(0.0337)	(0.0189)
Observations	1,122	1,122	2,432	2,432	1,882	1,882	791	791
R-squared	0.076	0.073	0.070	0.058	0.121	0.058	0.153	0.125
IV	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes
Donor's characteristics	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes
Controls	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes

Note. Standard errors clustered by household in parentheses. IV: exchange rate; donor's characteristics: age and gender and genetic relatedness; controls: respondent's age, gender, income decile group, living arrangement, extended family size, number of ADLs and IADLs, and country of residence.

Source. Authors’ own estimations based on SHARE wave 6, release 6.1.1.

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05,

* p < 0.1.

Table A3

Estimates of the Impact of Genetic Proximity on Private Transfers Using Panel Data With Unobserved Individual Effects by Recipient's Country Groups

	West and North		South and Centre
	Time Transfer	Money Transfer	Time Transfer	Money Transfer
	Extensive Margin
Genetic proximity	(ref.: own child)
Parents	-	−0.0305	9.33e-05	−0.0256
	-	(0.0228)	(9.86e-05)	(0.0240)
Siblings	-	−0.0149	4.48e-05	−0.0279
	-	(0.0143)	(8.10e-05)	(0.0194)
Parents-in-law	-	−0.0223	−0.0102	−0.0242
	-	(0.0144)	(0.0100)	(0.0176)
Children-in-law	-	−0.00995	3.82e-05	−0.0136
	-	(0.0116)	(6.93e-05)	(0.0133)
Grandchildren	-	0.0365	9.67e-05	−0.0257
	-	(0.0289)	(0.000170)	(0.0144)
Other relatives	-	−0.0210	−0.00135	−0.0234
	-	(0.0241)	(0.00147)	(0.0373)
Friends	-	0.00415	−0.00105	−0.0108
	-	(0.0176)	(0.00118)	(0.0125)
Neighbours	-	0.0617	−7.96e-07	−0.0602
	-	(0.0516)	(4.03e-05)	(0.0403)
Other unrelated	-	0.00324	9.54e-05	−0.0422
	-	(0.00216)	(9.95e-05)	(0.0325)
Observations	23,571	6,118	20,845	7,015
Number of waves	5	5	5	5
R-squared	-	0.038	0.008	0.075
	Intensive Margin
Genetic proximity
Parents	0.320	3,400	1.018^**	−387.3
	(0.238)	(554.7)	(0.0652)	(141.3)
Siblings	−0.350	432.5	−0.247	−366.8
	(0.201)	(486.5)	(0.223)	(170.6)
Parents-in-law	0.458^**	3,245	0.973	375.1
	(0.0141)	(1,577)	(0.689)	(581.6)
Children-in-law	−0.413^**	11,130	−0.432^*	−549.0
	(0.0101)	(7,390)	(0.0533)	(117.1)
Grandchildren	−0.300	−1,894^*	−0.243^**	−444.6
	(0.225)	(242.4)	(0.00674)	(120.2)
Other relatives	−0.454^***	1,673	−0.589	3,923
	(3.20e-05)	(529.1)	(0.254)	(1,140)
	Intensive Margin
Genetic proximity
Friends	−0.511	−507.1^*	−1.015^*	−346.7
	(0.145)	(59.92)	(0.0912)	(206.1)
Neighbours	−0.805^*	−526.3	−1.048	−1,609^*
	(0.102)	(129.2)	(0.238)	(236.4)
Other unrelated	−0.403	−535.6	0.00544	69.63
	(0.0683)	(276.6)	(0.432)	(484.6)
Observations	6,775	1,215	3,526	1,094
Number of waves	2	0.086	2	0.103
R-squared	0.202	2	0.199	2
IV	yes	yes	yes	yes
Controls	yes	yes	yes	yes

Note. Standard errors clustered by household in parentheses. IV: exchange rate; controls: respondent's age, gender, number of ADLs and IADLs, ability to make ends meet, living arrangement, extended family size, country of residence; West: Austria, Belgium, Germany, France, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Switzerland; North: Denmark, Sweden; South: Greece, Israel, Italy, Spain, Portugal; centre: Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Slovenia, Poland.

Source. Authors’ own estimations based on SHARE waves 1–2, release 6.1.1.

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05,

* p < 0.1.

Table A4

Effects on Private Transfers (Extensive Margin) From Children Using Cross-sectional Data, by Recipients’ Country Group

	West		North		South		Centre
	Time Transfer	Money Transfer	Time Transfer	Money Transfer	Time Transfer	Money transfer	Time Transfer	Money Transfer
Donor is a confidant	0.0259	0.00484	0.00168	0.0368	0.0839	−0.00890	0.112^**	−0.0405^**
	(0.0289)	(0.0177)	(0.0276)	(0.0282)	(0.0531)	(0.00699)	(0.0458)	(0.0177)
Donor is a stepchild	0.0156	−0.000336	−0.00581	−0.00711	0.0122	−0.0211^**	−0.0274^*	−0.0241^**
	(0.0104)	(0.00695)	(0.0105)	(0.00819)	(0.0227)	(0.00854)	(0.0159)	(0.0117)
Geographical proximity (ref: same building)
< 1 km	−0.0863^*	−0.0406	0.0989^***	0.0371	−0.00404	0.00516	0.0595	0.0111
	(0.0471)	(0.0401)	(0.0372)	(0.0271)	(0.0342)	(0.00690)	(0.0372)	(0.0242)
1 to 5 km	−0.0609	−0.0341	0.0602^***	0.0165	−0.0458	0.0163^*	0.0236	0.00804
	(0.0465)	(0.0400)	(0.0196)	(0.0154)	(0.0327)	(0.00934)	(0.0335)	(0.0229)
5 to 25 km	−0.0800^*	−0.0503	0.0982^***	0.0157	−0.0411	0.00870	0.0259	−0.00662
	(0.0458)	(0.0394)	(0.0244)	(0.0170)	(0.0332)	(0.00653)	(0.0328)	(0.0217)
25 to 100 km	−0.0890^*	−0.0336	0.106^***	0.0175	−0.0490	0.0146	0.0190	0.00129
	(0.0455)	(0.0400)	(0.0274)	(0.0162)	(0.0323)	(0.0106)	(0.0324)	(0.0231)
100 to 500 km	−0.103^**	−0.0439	0.0688^***	0.0191	−0.0551^*	0.00742	0.000325	0.0465^*
	(0.0458)	(0.0403)	(0.0223)	(0.0188)	(0.0322)	(0.0116)	(0.0322)	(0.0255)
> 500 km	−0.100^**	−0.0387	0.0707^***	0.0238	−0.0694^**	0.0187^*	−0.0146	0.0356
	(0.0459)	(0.0402)	(0.0227)	(0.0219)	(0.0305)	(0.0105)	(0.0323)	(0.0278)
Contact (ref.: daily)
Several times a week	0.00451	−0.0209	−0.0155	−0.0155	−0.00301	−0.00526	−0.0233	−0.00599
	(0.0135)	(0.0133)	(0.0349)	(0.0161)	(0.0125)	(0.00767)	(0.0198)	(0.0152)
Once a week	0.0151	−0.00941	−0.0534	−0.00546	0.000370	−6.94e-05	−0.0505^**	−0.0206
	(0.0136)	(0.0145)	(0.0332)	(0.0167)	(0.0146)	(0.00972)	(0.0200)	(0.0162)
Every two weeks	−0.0161	−0.0154	−0.0608^*	0.0348	−0.0189	0.0268	−0.0862^***	−0.0281
	(0.0135)	(0.0149)	(0.0335)	(0.0223)	(0.0178)	(0.0248)	(0.0208)	(0.0204)
Once a month	−0.0120	−0.00991	−0.0685^**	−0.0122	0.000937	0.00500	−0.0961^***	−0.0370^*
	(0.0139)	(0.0157)	(0.0329)	(0.0167)	(0.0247)	(0.0197)	(0.0201)	(0.0189)
Less than once a month	−0.0252^**	−0.0260^*	−0.0577^*	−0.00665	−0.0207	−0.00765	−0.0900^***	−0.0501^***
	(0.0120)	(0.0135)	(0.0336)	(0.0185)	(0.0152)	(0.00821)	(0.0203)	(0.0188)
Never	−0.0316^***	−0.0280^**	−0.0629^*	−0.0115	−0.0149	0.00153	−0.121^***	−0.0607^***
	(0.0119)	(0.0133)	(0.0330)	(0.0170)	(0.0240)	(0.0124)	(0.0220)	(0.0159)
Observations	2,000	2,000	1,216	1,216	1,321	1,321	1,690	1,690
R-squared	0.058	0.032	0.087	0.050	0.125	0.073	0.111	0.064
IV	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes
Controls	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes

Note. Standard errors clustered by household in parentheses. IV: exchange rate; controls: respondent's age, gender, income decile group, living arrangement, extended family size, number of ADLs and IADLs, and country of residence; confidant's age and gender and genetic relatedness; West: Austria, Belgium, Germany, France, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Switzerland; North: Denmark, Sweden; South: Greece, Israel, Italy, Spain, Portugal; Centre: Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Slovenia, Poland.

Source. Authors’ own estimations based on SHARE wave 6, release 6.1.1.

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05,

* p < 0.1.

Table A5

Effects on Private Transfers (Extensive Margin) From Children Using Cross-sectional Data

	Time Transfer		Money Transfer
Child's education (ref. none)
ISCED 1	0.0520^***	(0.0171)	−0.0256	(0.0209)
ISCED 2	0.0585^***	(0.0120)	−0.0206	(0.0206)
ISCED 3	0.0434^***	(0.00995)	−0.0285	(0.0205)
ISCED 4	0.0503^***	(0.0156)	−0.0397^*	(0.0207)
ISCED 5	0.0411^***	(0.0104)	−0.0115	(0.0209)
ISCED 6	0.0381^**	(0.0175)	−0.0330	(0.0240)
Child is not single	−0.00476	(0.00778)	−0.00383	(0.00756)
Child works	−0.0103	(0.00735)	0.0127^***	(0.00426)
Observations	6,227	6,227
R-squared	0.058	0.030
IV	yes	yes	yes	yes
Child is a confidant	yes	yes	yes	yes
Child is a stepchild	yes	yes	yes	yes
Geographical proximity	yes	yes	yes	yes
Emotional proximity	yes	yes	yes	yes
Contact	yes	yes	yes	yes
Controls	yes	yes	yes	yes

Source. Authors’ own estimations based on SHARE wave 6, release 6.1.1.

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05,

* p < 0.1.

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2022-0012 | Journal eISSN: 2543-6821 | Journal ISSN: 2544-9001

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Language: English, German

Page range: 191 - 218

Published on: Sep 7, 2022

Published by: Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

private transfers,

intergenerational transfers,

emotional proximity,

confidant network,

kinship

JEL:

D64,

J14,

J19

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Political economics,

Economic theory, systems and structures,

Microeconomics,

Macroeconomics,

Economic policy

© 2022 Anna Nicińska, published by Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 9 (2022): Issue 56 (January 2022)