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Taxation, Inequality, and Poverty: Evidence from Ukraine Cover

Taxation, Inequality, and Poverty: Evidence from Ukraine

By:   
Open Access
|Jan 2022

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Annual aggregated household income in Ukraine in 2010-2019, billion UAH

Indicator2010201120122013201420152016201720182019
Market income677.43797.37915.08962.35954.441113.131351.991765.622348.512964.97
Disposable income996.581151.611307.421378.011369.401598.991826.582416.303047.003824.08
Consumption income847.95988.981149.241215.461151.661362.591582.292008.282530.433213.65
Final income1119.291335.131574.461673.191554.741798.632025.342570.593213.653967.25

1 Source: Calculated by author based on data of the State Statistical Service of Ukraine and the State Treasury Service of Ukraine.

Table 2.

Gini income inequality index in EU countries and Ukraine in 2003–2016

YearAustriaBelgiumBulgariaCroatiaCyprusCzechiaDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIreland
200329,528,125,637,227,731,430,332,832,9
200429,830,530,127,524,933,627,930,630,433,629,933,6
200528,729,330,326,925,233,427,629,832,334,634,733,7
200629,628,135,731,126,725,933,72829,731,335,128,332,7
200730,629,236,131,12626,231,228,332,431,33427,931,9
200830,428,433,631,726,325,231,927,83331,233,627,530,9
200931,528,533,832,632,126,226,731,427,532,730,533,62732,7
201030,328,435,732,431,526,627,23227,733,730,234,129,432,3
201130,828,134,332,332,626,427,332,527,633,330,534,829,232,9
201230,527,53632,534,326,127,832,927,133,131,136,230,833,2
201330,827,736,6323726,528,535,127,232,531,736,131,533,5
201430,528,137,432,135,625,928,434,626,832,335,830,931,9
201530,527,731,13425,928,232,727,132,73630,431,8
YearItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaNetherlandsPolandPortugalRomaniaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenUkraine
200334,930,234,938,731,825,328,7
200434,336,43730,229,835,438,927,124,833,326,128,9
200533,83935,330,82934,538,529,324,632,426,829
200633,735,634,430,9283033,738,139,625,824,433,526,429,8
200732,937,534,831,129,229,633,536,737,524,724,434,127,127
200833,837,235,732,62929,333,736,636,42623,734,228,126,6
200933,835,937,231,230,227,933,634,935,627,224,834,927,325,3
201034,73533,630,52927,833,235,835,527,324,935,227,724,8
201135,135,832,532,129,127,732,836,335,926,524,935,727,624,6
201235,235,235,134,329,427,632,43636,526,125,635,427,624,7
201334,935,535,33228,828,132,536,236,928,126,236,228,824,6
201434,735,137,731,22928,632,135,63626,125,736,128,424
201535,434,237,433,829,428,231,835,535,926,525,436,229,225,5
201630,825

2 Source: Designed by author based on Eurostat (2020) data.

Table 3.

Percentage income earned by the top 10% of earners in EU countries and Ukraine in 2003–2017

YearAustriaBelgiumBulgariaCroatiaCyprusCzechiaDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIreland
200323,522,321,428,42325,22424,625,9
200423,825,124,323,120,625,923,224,524,225,524,226,6
200522,823,924,922,92126,22323,925,526,328,126,9
200623,722,426,62622,621,826,92323,524,926,722,825,6
200723,923,52825,522,322,12423,326,225,22622,325,5
200824,122,725,726,222,92124,92326,724,826,122,124,6
200924,722,725,724,326,222,421,824,422,626,124,12621,525,6
201023,622,726,923,925,722,522,524,322,627,12425,623,124,9
201123,722,42623,726,722,222,724,822,826,924,325,623,225,5
201223,521,927,423,92822,223,125,222,326,924,626,623,925,9
201324,321,827,623,730,922,623,726,622,326,424,826,424,426,1
201424,122,428,82428,822,123,626,32226,124,626,12424,9
201523,822,228,723,227,522,123,824,422,426,624,626,223,825,4
201623,922,231,423,226,821,923,723,122,425,924,625,923,825,9
20172321,931,922,825,521,52422,522,625,824,625,923,9
YearItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaNetherlandsPolandPortugalRomaniaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenUkraine
200326,723,730,22420,123,4
200426,328,527,923,723,728,230,822,120,624,921,123,1
200525,53027,224,323,426,830,624,920,624,321,123,2
200625,626,826,824,322,124,726,429,72921,820,424,921,124,1
200724,928,326,825,122,624,126,428,927,420,820,425,621,622,1
200825,727,727,625,822,523,726,128,926,521,420,125,622,421,9
200925,426,927,624,223,822,425,827,525,721,820,625,921,421,1
201026,226,224,823,722,722,525,828,32521,920,72621,821
201126,427,324,524,423,222,625,528,724,92120,825,921,620,8
201226,426,626,826,423,422,525,327,825,520,521,125,821,620,8
201325,926,827,124,223,122,825,427,525,422,221,425,922,221,1
201425,526,628,924,323,323,325,227,424,520,321,22622,220,6
201525,826,228,625,423,62324,227,324,820,921,126,222,921,6
20162625,829,624,723,122,924,627,623,719,920,625,923,321,2
201726,726,928,425,823,323,323,526,724,920,425,422,321,7

3 Source: Designed by author based on Eurostat (2020) data.

Table 4.

Poverty, percentage of population in EU countries and Ukraine in 2003–2018

YearAustriaBelgiumBulgariaCroatiaCyprusCzechiaDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIreland
20031314,310,919,920,9
200412,614,816,110,411,818,311,71319,613,519,7
200512,614,715,69,811,718,312,613,212,520,515,918,5
20061215,215,59,611,719,41313,115,220,312,317,2
200715,214,715,9911,819,513,612,515,220,112,415,5
200814,514,615,88,613,119,713,812,915,519,712,415
200914,714,620,615,6913,315,813,113,315,620,112,315,2
201014,515,320,914,89,812,117,513,71415,821,414,115,2
201114,415,320,414,79,61217,513,214,116,123,114,316,3
201214,415,119,515,38,611,918,611,813,716,123,11515,7
201314,115,519,414,49,712,121,812,813,316,722,11516,4
201413,914,92016,29,712,221,612,413,616,721,414,916,2
201514,115,522,919,516,19,711,921,711,613,616,521,214,516,8
201614,415,923,42015,79,112,42111,513,216,120,213,415,6
201714,316,42219,315,49,612,721,91213,41618,512,814,9
201813,322,618,314,710,112,521,711,617,912,3
YearItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaNetherlandsPolandPortugalRomaniaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenUkraine
200376,2
200419,219,420,520,519,413,312,220,165,6
200519,323,52014,219,118,511,611,620,355,3
200619,521,219,115,117,318,124,610,611,519,749,7
200718,925,920,915,316,918,523,610,912,319,813,522,7
200818,426,420,314,917,117,922,11111,320,414,427,1
200918,720,920,515,517,617,921,61212,720,714,825,8
201019,81919,215,617,71822,31313,620,615,428,6
201119,519,218,615,117,117,922,913,213,520,815,227,8
201219,319,420,615,817,318,72312,814,520,41629
201319,421,219,115,81719,525,112,614,522,215,628,3
201419,922,522,216,617,619,525,412,314,322,116,328,6
201520,621,821,916,516,512,717,31925,312,713,922,316,226,4
201620,322,122,918,716,713,21518,323,612,413,321,615,823,8
201720,323,322,918,316,813,314,817,323,512,213,321,516,422,4
201822,920,617,113,215,417,223,81220,717,121,3

4 Source: Designed by author based on Eurostat (2020) data.

Table 5.

Tax to GDP ratio in EU countries and Ukraine in 2003-2018

YearAustriaBelgiumBulgariaCroatiaCyprusCzechiaDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIreland
200326,6525,0819,7721,3137,6114,9930,1419,8222,0622,121119,7120,6624,16
200426,3125,5421,0520,5337,315,4131,2920,2421,8122,1610,4319,1320,3925,09
200525,5125,4720,3120,5739,5914,4833,0719,1121,7922,310,6620,3319,9425,48
200625,0525,2920,9620,941,5414,2231,8619,9721,4222,5810,8519,9819,8326,81
200725,3924,7922,8920,7648,5614,6135,0920,2321,0722,1211,3320,2421,4225,92
200826,0825,2522,1720,5546,0513,6733,4219,2820,4922,0111,4720,2123,2923,75
200925,2323,7818,9819,6723,2513,5733,1821,418,8820,711,6119,7823,3521,99
201025,2824,4718,5319,7423,1113,6532,7419,6618,621,9511,1920,2122,6321,8
201125,4324,9417,7519,1823,2114,5232,7519,0720,0221,8211,4822,0721,0721,97
201225,9325,8218,9719,7323,414,9333,4519,820,1422,5311,6223,9122,9322,53
201326,4226,192020,2723,5815,0833,8220,0420,6423,2111,6124,0222,9122,88
201426,4226,1319,5919,9424,7914,4336,520,6120,6323,1611,4824,6723,0623,15
201526,8324,3520,2920,8524,1314,7733,9221,5120,4723,211,4824,7623,2518,78
201625,4222,8420,2621,3523,6214,9133,321,5920,8123,0611,326,3723,0918,94
201725,4223,4520,121,524,0615,0133,420,9220,7723,6311,4425,9722,9118,29
201825,4323,9920,1721,8324,3214,8432,1720,9520,84 24,211,4926,1922,5618,24
YearItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaNetherlandsPolandPortugalRomaniaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenUkraine
200322,7620,2419,0624,6754,0720,3516,7219,8817,7717,6820,6726,8913,67
2004 22,2220,3819,3624,2655,0220,1715,6919,9817,4217,2920,6327,2513,29
200521,9621,519,7525,5558,8221,2316,4720,5817,4718,0121,1528,5617,14
200623,3322,1820,4824,1960,0321,617,1621,1317,9516,820,8928,5617,76
200723,7621,6420,3724,6862,521,618,0921,3517,5416,7520,0728,5116,5
200823,4920,7420,4824,7125,8121,1418,2721,0516,7916,4519,4127,4717,88
200923,7418,7417,0425,1726,0120,9416,0519,0615,2715,521827,2316,39
201023,6819,7315,9625,1325,3120,9916,4819,6416,6115,1318,0627,415,57
201123,6519,9515,4824,6325,8120,2316,6621,1318,0916,0817,8426,6318,52
201224,9520,9615,5325,7625,6919,4115,9920,7718,0115,5317,8726,318,32
201325,1421,5815,625,9225,7419,6915,5922,6617,6716,717,926,4717,56
201424,8422,0515,8425,7225,9920,6415,6222,6517,9217,4618,1726,5117,29
201524,7422,3816,6924,1524,3421,1615,6922,7918,9418,1918,4927,1420,45
201625,0723,516,9324,3325,2421,9116,2322,3316,8518,1418,6128,1219,63
201724,6823,4916,6325,0125,723,0916,7922,3715,4718,618,3513,7228,1320,03
201824,2422,8216,7726,7925,9723,0617,422,6514,4918,5918,5314,2227,9120,14

5 Source: Designed by author based on Eurostat (2020) data.

Table 6.

Regression statistic for the assessment of taxation impact on income inequality in Ukraine

a. VariablesNational income top 10% shareGini coefficient
Tax burden of personal income tax (log)-0.113* (0.045)-0.118* (0.056)
Government expenditures on education (ratio to GDP) (log)0.112** (0.06)0.122** (0.06)
Share of government expenditures on healthcare (ratio to GDP) (log)0.022 (0.045)0.024* (0.041)
GDP per capita growth (log)0.017 (0.063)0.018* (0.052)
Population (log)-0.001 (0.113)-0.002 (0.116)
Observations2323
R20.5880.599

6 Notes: *** p < 0.01,

7 ** p < 0.05,

8 * p < 0.1.

Table 7.

Regression statistic for the assessment of taxation impact on poverty in Ukraine

a. VariablesPoverty level (National indicator, according to the State Statistic Service of Ukraine)Poverty level (International indicator according to UNDP)
Tax burden of personal income tax (log)0.103** (0.048)0.121** (0.056)
Tax burden of taxes on consumption (log)0.138*** (0.058)0.127*** (0.076)
Government expenditures on education (ratio to GDP) (log)0.112 (0.088)0.122 (0.091)
Share of government expenditures on healthcare (ratio to GDP) (log)-0.023** (0.039)-0.024* (0.049)
GDP per capita growth (log)0.019* (0.073)0.021* (0.062)
Population (log)-0.003 (0.118)-0.004 (0.136)
Observations R292 0.55892 0.499

9 Notes: UNDP = United Nations Development Programme.

10 *** p < 0.01,

11 ** p < 0.05,

12 * p < 0.1.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2022-0001 | Journal eISSN: 2543-6821 | Journal ISSN: 2544-9001
Language: English, German
Page range: 1 - 18
Published on: Jan 27, 2022
Published by: Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
JEL:

© 2022 Oksana Markina, published by Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.