Full sample estimates for the period 1996–2015
| Explanatory variable | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H-DIFF | 0.239*** (3.20) | 0.030 (0.34) | 0.048 (0.56) | 0.083 (1.22) | −0.003 (0.04) | 0.015 (0.22) |
| K-DIFF | −1.088*** (5.43) | 0.007 (0.03) | −0.001 (0.01) | −0.507* (1.80) | −0.253 (0.89) | −0.293 (1.04) |
| SDI | 3.891*** (6.28) | 1.075** (1.97) | 1.151** (2.12) | 2.477*** (3.37) | 0.121 (0.28) | 0.178 (0.41) |
| SUM | 6.997*** (21.95) | 4.803*** (15.68) | 4.820*** (15.83) | 5.365*** (5.07) | 1.778*** (4.34) | 1.760*** (4.34) |
| DISTANCE | − | − | −1.416** (2.25) | − | − | −1.453*** (2.69) |
| Constant | −73.259*** (25.49) | −58.936*** (19.28) | −48.966*** (9.06) | −59.540*** (4.12) | −13.737** (2.01) | −2.628 (0.33) |
| Time-specific effects | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Country-specific effects | Fixed | Random | Random | Fixed | Random | Random |
| Overall R2 | 0.188 | 0.275 | 0.337 | 0.261 | 0.493 | 0.596 |
| Within R2 | 0.765 | 0.724 | 0.726 | 0.841 | 0.833 | 0.833 |
| Between R2 | 0.154 | 0.219 | 0.307 | 0.177 | 0.249 | 0.426 |
| F-test for country-specific effects (p-val) | 83.66 (0.000) | 77.25 (0.000) | ||||
| LM test for country-specific effects (p-val) | 732.41 (0.000) | 710.56 (0.000) | 1002.34 (0.000) | 1029.34 (0.000) | ||
| Hausman test (p-val) | 5600.25 (0.000) | 1110.73 (0.000) | 6.37 (0.999) | 10.94 (0.983) |
Limited sample estimates for the pre-accession period 1996–2004
| Explanatory variable | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H-DIFF | 0.235 (0.87) | −0.033 (0.12) | −0.148 (0.59) | 0.308 (1.21) | 0.055 (0.24) | −0.027 (0.13) |
| K-DIFF | −1.437 (1.37) | −3.946*** (4.80) | −4.923*** (6.54) | −1.084 (0.94) | −0.915 (0.96) | −1.731* (1.97) |
| SDI | −0.683 (0.33) | −0.619 (0.61) | −0.743 (0.96) | −1.104 (0.56) | −0.642 (0.70) | −0.512 (0.75) |
| SUM | 7.185*** (7.56) | 3.975*** (6.05) | 2.879*** (5.90) | 7.308*** (2.63) | 1.817*** (2.70) | 1.554*** (3.21) |
| DISTANCE | − | − | −2.720*** (3.93) | - | - | −2.140*** (3.42) |
| Constant | −76.606*** (3.06) | −2.609 (0.16) | 43.076*** (2.73) | −82.267* (1.92) | −7.431 (0.49) | 20.986 (1.41) |
| Time-specific effects | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Country-specific effects | Fixed | Random | Random | Fixed | Random | Random |
| Overall R2 | 0.264 | 0.284 | 0.554 | 0.265 | 0.374 | 0.641 |
| Within R2 | 0.696 | 0.664 | 0.628 | 0.750 | 0.738 | 0.734 |
| Between R2 | 0.262 | 0.261 | 0.577 | 0.259 | 0.264 | 0.611 |
| F-test for country-specific effects (p-val) | 52.39 (0.000) | 51.42 (0.000) | ||||
| LM test for country-specific effects (p-val) | 252.63 (0.000) | 136.16 (0.000) | 350.36 (0.000) | 214.43 (0.000) | ||
| Hausman test (p-val) | 228.51 (0.000) | 87.88 (0.000) | 12.64 (0.396) | 17.28 (0.139) |
Limited sample estimates for the post-accession period 2005–2015
| Explanatory variable | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H-DIFF | 0.012 (0.17) | –0.024 (0.36) | –0.009 (0.14) | –0.029 (0.46) | –0.030 (0.46) | –0.018 (0.29) |
| K-DIFF | 0.354 (1.17) | 0.405* (1.80) | 0.425* (1.89) | –0.646* (1.75) | –0.542 (1.44) | –0.520 (1.40) |
| SDI | 1.596** (2.45) | 0.594 (1.23) | 0.688 (1.41) | –0.076 (0.09) | 0.469 (1.00) | 0.539 (1.14) |
| SUM | 1.232** (1.97) | 0.994** (2.55) | 0.985** (2.49) | –1.974 (1.39) | 0.556 (1.13) | 0.516 (1.03) |
| DISTANCE | – | – | –1.205* (1.89) | – | – | –1.115* (1.73) |
| Constant | –11.711** (2.13) | –10.050*** (2.64) | –1.535 (0.26) | 45.004* (2.12) | 6.925 (0.82) | 16.065 (1.62) |
| Time-specific effects | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Country-specific effects | Fixed | Random | Random | Fixed | Random | Random |
| Overall R2 | 0.045 | 0.129 | 0.237 | 0.119 | 0.135 | 0.223 |
| Within R2 | 0.240 | 0.226 | 0.229 | 0.409 | 0.387 | 0.390 |
| Between R2 | 0.037 | 0.119 | 0.238 | 0.191 | 0.112 | 0.206 |
| F-test for country-specific effects (p-val) | 65.49 (0.000) | 74.82 (0.000) | ||||
| LM test for country-specific effects (p-val) | 367.39 (0.000) | 404.82 (0.000) | 398.08 (0.000) | 430.19 (0.000) | ||
| Hausman test (p-val) | 1.85 (0.763) | 3.29 (0.510) | 9.26 (0.814) | 8.48 (0.863) |
Definitions and summary statistics of explanatory variables
| Explanatory variable | Definition | Mean | Std. dev. | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H-DIFF | Human capital per worker difference | 0.260 | 0.408 | 0.001 | 0.900 |
| K-DIFF | Capital per worker difference | 20,0143.400 | 72,901.280 | 85,208.190 | 421,443.300 |
| SDI | Helpman’s size dispersion index | 0.377 | 0.097 | 0.092 | 0.500 |
| SUM | Sum of parent country and Poland’s GDPs | 1,543,024.000 | 979,411.400 | 439,640.900 | 4,678,112.000 |
| DISTANCE | Geographic distance of each parent country’s capital city from Warsaw | 1292.267 | 609.981 | 515 | 2756 |
Correlations between explanatory variables
| Variable | H-DIFF | K-DIFF | SDI | GDPSUM | DISTANCE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H-DIFF | 1 | –0.193 | –0.006 | 0.265 | 0.599 |
| K-DIFF | 1 | –0.126 | 0.155 | –0.041 | |
| SDI | 1 | –0.100 | 0.117 | ||
| SUM | 1 | –0.085 | |||
| DISTANCE | 1 |