Sustainable Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Recycled Waste Glass: Influence of Particle Size and Replacement Levels on Performance

Oxide %	Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)	Limits IQS No.
CaO	60.41	-
Si₂O	21.84	-
AL₂O₃	4.72	-
Fe₂O₃	3.60	-
MgO	1.50	≤5%
SO₃	2.38	≤2.5% if C3A < 5% or ≤ 2.8% if C3A >5%
L.O.I	3.27	≤4%
Free lime %	1.12	-
Insoluble residue %	1.12	≤1.5%
L.S.F	0.83	0.66–1.02
Compounds
C₃S %	31.74	-
C₂S %	38.67	-
C₃A %	6.42	-
C₄AF %	10.95	-
Initial setting time (hour: min.)	2.08	00:45 (Min.)
Final setting time (hour: min.)	4:30	10:00 (Max.)
Fineness (Blaine) in m²/kg	425	230 (Min.)
Compressive strength (MPa) at 3 days / 7days	16 / 23	15 (Min.) / 23 (Min.)

Table 2:

Chemical analysis of glass

Oxides	SiO₂	MgO	CaO	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	Na₂O	SO₃	CuO	ZnO
Oxides content (Wt.%)	72.5	3.72	10.2	0.70	0.31	9.9	0.244	0.227	0.133

Table 3:

Chemical properties of fly ash and limestone powder

Test Items	Fly ash [%]	ASTM 618-05	Limestone
SiO₂	50		6.84
Al2O₃	31		1.12
CaO	5		45.73
MgO	0.28		4.37
SO₃	1.3	≤5%	3.2
Fe₂O₃	7.4		0.24
TiO₂	1.6
K₂O	1.3
P₂O₃	0.9
SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃	88	≥70%
L.O.I	8	≤12%	37.12
Activity Index	76	≥75%

Table 4:

Quantities of mixed materials [kg\m³]

Mix code	C	FA	LP	w	w\b	CA	FA	GW	Sp %
G0	450	50	20	155	0.31	600	500	0	1.4
GC10%	450	50	20	155	0.31	600	450	50	1.37
GC20%	450	50	20	155	0.31	600	400	100	1.35
GC30%	450	50	20	155	0.31	600	350	150	1.42
GC40%	450	50	20	155	0.31	600	300	200	1.45
GF10%	450	50	20	155	0.31	600	450	50	1.43
GF20%	450	50	20	155	0.31	600	400	100	1.48
GF30%	450	50	20	155	0.31	600	350	150	1.52
GF40%	450	50	20	155	0.31	600	300	200	1.57

Fresh test apparatus: (a) Slump flow ana T500mm, (b) V-funnel, and (c) L-box

Mechanical tests: (d) Compressive strength, (e) Splitting tensile strength, (f) Flexural strength, (g) Modulus of elasticity, and (h) Impact strength

Durability test setup: (a) Sorptivity, and (b) Alkali–silica reaction (ASR) expansion

Table 5:

Fresh properties of LWSCC mixtures

Mix code	Fresh properties
Mix code	Slump [mm]	Sp%	T500 sec.	V-funnel sec.	L-box	Fresh density [Kg/m³]
G0	720	1.40	2.83	7.6	0.95	1890
GC10%	720	1.37	2.80	7.7	0.96	1886
GC20%	725	1.35	2.74	7.9	0.98	1878
GC30%	715	1.42	2.90	7.7	0.93	1865
GC40%	700	1.45	3.66	7.5	0.90	1852
GF10%	715	1.43	2.94	7.8	0.96	1881
GF20%	705	1.48	3.10	8.0	0.94	1872
GF30%	697	1.52	3.22	8.2	0.92	1860
GF40%	685	1.57	3.28	8.7	0.89	1846

Experimental results of fresh density test

Table 6:

Equilibrium density results

Mix code	G0	GC10	GC20	GC30	GC40	GF10	GF20	GF30	GF40
Equilibrium density [Kg/m³]	1646	1637	1633	1626	1620	1633	1624	1619	1594

Experimental results of equilibrium density test

Table 7:

Results of compressive strength at 7, 28 and 90 days

Mix code	Compressive strength [MPa]
Mix code	7 d	28 d	90 d
G0	25.11	30.03	32.63
GC10	24.40	29.43	31.73
GC20	23.89	28.67	31.15
GC30	23.14	28.12	30.60
GC40	22.51	27.44	29.72
GF10	25.73	31.43	32.50
GF20	25.93	32.21	33.18
GF30	25.42	31.26	32.31
GF40	24.78	30.07	31.61

Table 8:

Results of splitting strength test

Mix code	Splitting strength (MPa)
Mix code	7d	28d	90d
G0	2.24	3.41	3.68
GC10	2.21	3.30	3.62
GC20	2.17	3.23	3.58
GC30	2.01	3.14	3.51
GC40	1.87	3.04	3.46
GF10	2.27	3.53	3.77
GF20	2.36	3.61	3.82
GF30	2.21	3.48	3.71
GF40	2.10	3.36	3.65

Table 9:

Results of flexural strength test

Mix code	Flexural strength [MPa]
Mix code	7 d	28 d	90 d
G0	3.7	4.30	4.62
GC10	3.68	4.12	4.52
GC20	3.58	4.06	4.44
GC30	3.44	3.91	4.31
GC40	3.37	3.84	4.26
GF10	3.96	4.58	4.71
GF20	4.00	4.71	4.84
GF30	3.66	4.27	4.55
GF40	3.54	4.11	4.39

Table 10:

Results of modulus of elasticity test

Mix code	Modulus of elasticity (GPa)
Mix code	28d	90d
G0	16.74	17.96
GC10	16.22	17.35
GC20	15.87	17.18
GC30	15.42	16.76
GC40	15.16	16.46
GF10	17.62	17.82
GF20	17.84	18.32
GF30	17.31	17.87
GF40	16.90	17.46

Table 11:

Results of the impact resistance test

Mix code	Impact resistance (No. of blow)
	7 days		28 days		90 days
	N1	Nf	N1	Nf	N1	Nf
NC	7	12	16	24	26	33
GC10	9	15	17	24	25	35
GC20	9	12	15	22	23	33
GC30	6	10	14	19	22	31
GC40	6	8	14	17	21	29
GF10	6	15	19	28	30	38
GF20	9	12	21	30	33	42
GF30	12	16	20	28	31	38
GF40	12	21	24	30	32	37

Table 12:

Results of water absorption test

Mix code	Water absorption [%]
Mix code	7 d	28 d	90 d
G0	9.26	8.29	7.32
GC10	9.48	8.41	7.47
GC20	9.82	8.86	7.68
GC30	9.39	9.11	7.94
GC40	9.77	9.56	8.22
GF10	8.65	7.92	7.12
GF20	8.37	7.8	7.04
GF30	8.89	8.11	7.26
GF40	9.14	8.46	7.41

Table 13:

Results of sorptivity test

Mix code	Sorptivity [mm\sec^0.5]
Mix code	7 d	28 d	90 d
G0	0.068	0.052	0.046
GC10	0.073	0.057	0.053
GC20	0.079	0.062	0.057
GC30	0.083	0.073	0.061
GC40	0.087	0.078	0.064
GF10	0.064	0.048	0.041
GF20	0.061	0.046	0.038
GF30	0.068	0.052	0.045
GF40	0.071	0.057	0.053

Table 14:

Alkali-silica reaction test

Mix code	G0	GC10	GC20	GC30	GC40	GF10	GF20	GF30	GF40
Expansion %	0.24	0.23	0.20	0.17	0.14	0.21	0.18	0.15	0.13

SEM of LWSCC with coarse glass (GC mixture)

SEM of LWSCC with fine glass (GF mixture)

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2027-0025 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6512 (formerly 1336-5835) | Journal ISSN: 1336-5835

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Language: English

Submitted on: Jul 28, 2026

Accepted on: Sep 8, 2026

Published on: Oct 17, 2026

Published by: University of Žilina

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

Lightweight self-compacting concrete,

Glass waste replacement levels,

Fresh properties,

Mechanical properties,

Durability

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Business management,

Industries,

Environmental management

© 2026 Lamyaa Ghanim Salim, Ali H. Nahhab, published by University of Žilina
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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Sustainable Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Recycled Waste Glass: Influence of Particle Size and Replacement Levels on Performance

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