Application of geodetic measurements to verify the effectiveness of biogas plant foundation

Filip Gago; Jakub Chromčák; Ján Mihálik; Jarosław Michałek

doi:10.2478/cee-2026-0100

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Application of geodetic measurements to verify the effectiveness of biogas plant foundation

Civil and Environmental Engineering

Volume 22 (2026): Issue 2 (June 2026)

By: Filip Gago, Jakub Chromčák, Ján Mihálik and Jarosław Michałek

Open Access

|Jun 2026

Figures & Tables

Location of the testing site and general geological conditions (Gago et al. 2025)

Overview of numerical model compilation (Gago et al. 2025)

The measurement point under loading

Load [%]	Settlement [mm]
Load [%]	0 %	25 %	50 %	75 %	100 %
Point 1	0,0	1,3	1,9	2,9	4,75
Point 2	0,0	2,3	3,2	3,7	5,25
Point 3	0,0	1,0	1,7	2,1	4,1
Point 4	0,0	1,0	1,6	1,9	3,7
Average value	0	1,4	2,1	2,6	4,5

Overview of parameters used in the numerical model for HS model

Name of layer	γ_un,sat [kN/m³]	E₅₀^ref [MPa]	E_eoed^ref [MPa]	E_ur^ref [MPa]	m [-]	φ [°]	c [kPa]	ψ [°]	R_inter [-]
Anthropogenic	20,5	6,0	6,0	18,0	0,7	18	18	0	0,7
Clay	20,5	6,0	6,0	18,0	0,7	18	18	0	0,7
Dense gravel	19,0	60,0	60,0	180,0	0,5	30	2	2	0,8
Crushed gravel	19,0	80,0	80,0	240,0	0,5	32	2	2	0,8
Weathered Rock	21,0	80,0	80,0	240,0	0,5	25	20	0	0,8

Table showing the measurement period and fill level over time

Stages of measurements	Level of fulfilment [%]	Time line [h]
1.	0 (0.00 kPa)	0
2.	25 (13.75 kPa)	72
3.	50 (27,50 kPa)	144
4.	75 (41.25 kPa)	216
5.	100 (55.00 kPa)	312
6.	100 (55.00 kPa)	528

Overview of parameters used in the numerical model for MC model

Name of layer	γ_un,sat [kN/m³]	E [MPa]	ν [-]	φ [°]	c [kPa]	ψ [°]	R_inter [-]
Anthropogenic	20,5	6,0	0,4	18	18	0	0,7
Clay	20,5	6,0	0,4	18	18	0	0,7
Dense gravel	19,0	60,0	0,25	30	2	0	0,8
Crushed gravel	19,0	80,0	0,25	32	2	2	0,8
Weathered Rock	21,0	80,0	0,25	25	20	0	0,8

Measured and calculated deformation

Load [%]	Settlement [mm]
Load [%]	0 %	25 %	50 %	75 %	100 %
Average value	0,0	1,4	2,1	2,6	4,5
Mohr-Coulomb model	0,0	1,7	3,4	5,2	7,3
Hardening soil model	0,0	1,1	2,2	3,9	6,1

References

Authors

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2026-0100 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6512 | Journal ISSN: 1336-5835

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Language: English

Page range: 978 - 991

Submitted on: Feb 19, 2026

Accepted on: Mar 10, 2026

Published on: Jun 19, 2026

Published by: University of Žilina

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

Geodetic levelling,

Settlement monitoring,

Pile foundation,

Finite element analysis,

PLAXIS 3D,

Foundation verification

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Business management,

Industries,

Environmental management

© 2026 Filip Gago, Jakub Chromčák, Ján Mihálik, Jarosław Michałek, published by University of Žilina
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 22 (2026): Issue 2 (June 2026)

Application of geodetic measurements to verify the effectiveness of biogas plant foundation

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Figure 2:

Figure 3:

Figure 4:

The measurement point under loading

Overview of parameters used in the numerical model for HS model

Table showing the measurement period and fill level over time

Overview of parameters used in the numerical model for MC model

Measured and calculated deformation

Paradigm

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