Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Land Use and Land Cover and Their Impacts on Land Surface Temperature in the Little Zab River Basin: A Predictive Study Cover

Land Use and Land Cover and Their Impacts on Land Surface Temperature in the Little Zab River Basin: A Predictive Study

Open Access
|Feb 2026

References

  1. Abbas, N., Wasimia, S., & Al-Ansari, N. (2016). Assessment of climate change impact on water resources of lesser Zab, Kurdistan, Iraq using SWAT model. Engineering, 8, 697-715. https://doi.org10.4236/eng.2016.810064
  2. Abburu, S., & Golla, S. B. (2015). Satellite image classification methods and techniques: A review. International journal of computer applications, 119(8), 20-25.
  3. Abdulsahib, S., Zubaidi, S., & Ayoob, N. (2024). Using the LARS-WG Model to Predict the Maximum Temperature in Zakho City, Iraq. Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences, 12(4), 214-220. https://doi.org10.31185/ejuow.Vol12.Iss4.563
  4. Ahmed, B., Kamruzzaman, M., Zhu, X., Rahman, M. S., & Choi, K. (2013). Simulating land cover changes and their impacts on land surface temperature in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Remote Sensing, 5(11), 5969-5998. https://doi.org10.3390/rs5115969
  5. Al-Doski, J., Mansorl, S. B., & Shafri, H. Z. M. (2013). Image classification in remote sensing. Journal od Environment and Earth Science, 3(10).
  6. Al-Saady, Y., Al-Tawash, B., & Al-Suhail, Q. (2016). Effects of land use and land cover on concentrations of heavy metals in surface soils of Lesser Zab River Basin, NE Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Science, 57(2C), 1484-1503.
  7. Al-Saady, Y., Al-Tawash, B., Alkinani, M., & Al-Suhail, Q. (2022). Hydrochemical and environmental assessment of groundwaterat the Iraqi part of the Lesser Zab river basin, northeast-Iraq. Iraqi Bulletin of Geology Mining, 18(2), 53-74.
  8. Al-sharif, A., & Pradhan, B. (2014). Monitoring and predicting land use change in Tripoli Metropolitan City using an integrated Markov chain and cellular automata models in GIS. Arabian journal of geosciences, 7, 4291-4301. https://doi.org10.1007/s12517-013-1119-7
  9. Al-Taei, A., Alesheikh, A., & Darvishi, A. (2023). Land use/land cover change analysis using multi-temporal remote sensing data: A case study of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Basin. Land, 12(5), 1101. https://doi.org10.3390/land12051101
  10. Alex, E., Ramesh, K., & Sridevi, H. (2017). Quantification and understanding the observed changes in land cover patterns in Bangalore. International Journal of Civil Engineering Technology, 8(4), 597-603.
  11. Amgoth, A., Rani, P., & Jayakumar, K. (2023). Exploring LULC changes in Pakhal Lake area, Telangana, India using QGIS MOLUSCE plugin. Spatial Information Research, 31(4), 429-438. https://doi.org10.1007/s41324-023-00509-1
  12. Atef, I., Ahmed, W., Abdel-Maguid, R., Baraka, M., Darwish, W., & Senousi, A. (2023). Land Use and Land Cover Simulation Based on Integration of Artificial Neural Networks with Cellular Automata-Markov Chain Models Applied to El-Fayoum Governorate. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing Spatial Information Sciences, 10, 771-777. https://doi.org10.5194/isprs-annals-X-1-W1-2023-771-2023
  13. Ayoob, N., & Mohammed, R. (2025). Possible consequences of land cover and land use dynamics on the land surface temperature: A case study of lower Zab River Basin. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 12(1). https://doi.org10.1007/s40808-025-02688-2
  14. Chughtai, A., Abbasi, H., & Karas, I. (2021). A review on change detection method and accuracy assessment for land use land cover. Remote Sensing Applications: Society Environment, 22, 100482. https://doi.org10.1080/0143116031000101675
  15. Congalton, R. (2001). Accuracy assessment and validation of remotely sensed and other spatial information. International journal of wildland fire, 10(4), 321-328. https://doi.org10.1071/WF01031
  16. Costa, R. C. A., Santos, R. M. B., Fernandes, L. F. S., Carvalho de Melo, M., Valera, C. A., Valle Junior, R. F. d., . . . Pissarra, T. C. T. (2023). Hydrologic response to land use and land cover change scenarios: an example from the Paraopeba River basin based on the SWAT model. Water, 15(8), 1451. https://doi.org10.3390/w15081451
  17. Das, N., Mondal, P., Sutradhar, S., & Ghosh, R. (2021). Assessment of variation of land use/land cover and its impact on land surface temperature of Asansol subdivision. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing Space Science, 24(1), 131-149. https://doi.org10.1016/j.ejrs.2020.05.001
  18. Du, P., Liu, P., Xia, J., Feng, L., Liu, S., Tan, K., & Cheng, L. (2014). Remote Sensing Image Interpretation for Urban Environment Analysis: Methods, System and Examples. Remote Sensing, 6(10), 9458-9474. https://doi.org10.3390/rs6109458
  19. Faqe, G. (2017). Urban land use land cover changes and their effect on land surface temperature: Case study using Dohuk City in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Climate, 5(1), 13. https://doi.org10.3390/cli5010013
  20. Faqe Ibrahim, G. (2017). Urban Land Use Land Cover Changes and Their Effect on Land Surface Temperature: Case Study Using Dohuk City in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Climate, 5(1). https://doi.org10.3390/cli5010013
  21. Fetene, T., Lohani, K., & Mohammed, K. (2023). LULC change detection using support vector machines and cellular automata-based ANN models in Guna Tana watershed of Abay basin, Ethiopia. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 195(11), 1329. https://doi.org10.1007/s10661-023-11968-2
  22. Gashaw, T., Tulu, T., Argaw, M., & Worqlul, A. (2018). Modeling the hydrological impacts of land use/land cover changes in the Andassa watershed, Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Science of the Total Environment, 619, 1394-1408. https://doi.org10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.191
  23. Gaznayee, A., Al-Quraishi, A., Mahdi, K., & Ritsema, C. (2022). A geospatial approach for analysis of drought impacts on vegetation cover and land surface temperature in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Water, 14(6), 927.
  24. Gaznayee, H. A. A., Al-Quraishi, A. M. F., Mahdi, K., & Ritsema, C. (2022). A geospatial approach for analysis of drought impacts on vegetation cover and land surface temperature in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Water, 14(6), 927.
  25. Hashim, M., Al-Maliki, A., Sultan, M., Shahid, S., & Yaseen, Z. (2022). Effect of land use land cover changes on land surface temperature during 1984–2020: A case study of Baghdad city using landsat image. Natural Hazards, 112(2), 1223-1246. https://doi.org10.1007/s11069-022-05224-y
  26. Idrees, M., Ahmad, S., Khan, M., Dahri, Z., Ahmad, K., Azmat, M., & Rana, I. (2022). Estimation of water balance for anticipated land use in the potohar plateau of the indus basin using SWAT. Remote Sensing, 14(21), 5421. https://doi.org10.3390/rs14215421
  27. Jafarzadeh, F., Garakani, A., Maleki, J., Banikheir, M., & Raeesi, R. (2018). Sealing performance of Silveh embankment dam cutoff wall based on instrumentation measurements.
  28. Kafy, A., Dey, N., Al Rakib, A., Rahaman, Z., Nasher, R., & Bhatt, A. (2021). Modeling the relationship between land use/land cover and land surface temperature in Dhaka, Bangladesh using CA-ANN algorithm. Environmental Challenges, 4, 100190. https://doi.org10.1016/j.envc.2021.100190
  29. Kenea, U., Adeba, D., Regasa, M. S., & Nones, M. (2021). Hydrological responses to land use land cover changes in the Fincha’a Watershed, Ethiopia. Land, 10(9), 916. https://doi.org10.3390/land10090916
  30. Khan, M., Tahir, A., Ullah, S., Khan, R., Ahmad, K., Shahid, S., & Nazir, A. (2022). Trends and projections of land use land cover and land surface temperature using an integrated weighted evidence-cellular automata (WE-CA) model. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 194(2), 120. https://doi.org10.1007/s10661-022-09785-0
  31. Kim, H. (2019). Multicollinearity and misleading statistical results. kja, 72(6), 558-569. https://doi.org10.4097/kja.19087
  32. Leta, M. K., Demissie, T. A., & Tränckner, J. (2021). Modeling and prediction of land use land cover change dynamics based on land change modeler (Lcm) in nashe watershed, upper blue nile basin, Ethiopia. 13(7), 3740. https://doi.org10.3390/su13073740
  33. Mahdi, Z., & Mohammed, R. (2022a). Land use/land cover changing aspect implications: Lesser Zab River Basin, northeastern Iraq. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 194(9), 652. https://doi.org10.1007/s10661-022-10324-0
  34. Mahdi, Z., & Mohammed, R. (2022b). Predicting Land Use/Land Cover Changes in the Lesser Zab River Catchment/Iraq through CA-Markov Synergy Model.
  35. Manakane, S., Latue, P., Somae, G., & Rakuasa, H. (2023). Prediction of Land Cover Change in Wae Heru Watershed Ambon City Using Celular Automata Markov Chain. Journal of Geographical Sciences Education, 1(1), 1-11. https://doi.org10.69606/geography.v1i1.52
  36. Mansourmoghaddam, M., Rousta, I., Cabral, P., Ali, A., Olafsson, H., Zhang, H., & Krzyszczak, J. (2023). Investigation and prediction of the land Use/Land cover (LU/LC) and land surface temperature (LST) changes for Mashhad City in Iran during 1990–2030. Atmosphere, 14(4), 741. https://doi.org10.3390/atmos14040741
  37. Masdaf, N., Istijono, B., & Herdianto, R. (2025). Reservoir Capacity Analysis for Flood Mitigation in the Upper Kuranji Watershed. Civil and Environmental Engineering, 21(2), 1259-1273. https://doi.org10.2478/cee-2025-0093
  38. Mohammed, R., & Scholz, M. (2024). Climate Change Scenarios for Impact Assessment: Lower Zab River Basin (Iraq and Iran). Atmosphere, 15(6), 673. https://doi.org10.3390/atmos15060673
  39. Nath, S., Mishra, G., Kar, J., Chakraborty, S., & Dey, N. (2014). A survey of image classification methods and techniques. Paper presented at the 2014 International conference on control, instrumentation, communication and computational technologies (ICCICCT).
  40. O’brien, M. (2007). A Caution Regarding Rules of Thumb for Variance Inflation Factors. Quality & Quantity, 41(5), 673-690. https://doi.org10.1007/s11135-006-9018-6
  41. Özturk, B., Uzelli, T., İsbuga, V., & Baba, A. (2023). Investigation of Hydrological and Hydrogeological Parameters’ Alterations in Rapidly Urbanized Regions: Bornova Case (İZmi̇R, Türki̇Ye).
  42. Pathak, M., Slade, R., Pichs-Madruga, R., Ürge-Vorsatz, D., Shukla, R., & Skea, J. (2022). Climate Change 2022 Mitigation of Climate Change: Technical Summary. Retrieved from
  43. Rahem, M., & Mohammed, R. (2025). SWAT-MODFLOW Model for Groundwater Recharge Variation Assessment: Lower Zab River Basin, Northeastern Iraq. International Journal of Computational and Experimental Science and Engineering.
  44. Rash, A., Mustafa, Y., & Hamad, R. (2023). Quantitative assessment of Land use/land cover changes in a developing region using machine learning algorithms: A case study in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Heliyon, 9(11). https://doi.org10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21253
  45. Rwanga, S., & Ndambuki, J. (2017). Accuracy assessment of land use/land cover classification using remote sensing and GIS. International Journal of Geosciences, 8(04), 611. https://doi.org10.4236/ijg.2017.84033
  46. Sathe, T., & Rahman, S. (2023). Land Use Land Cover Dynamics and its Signature on Land Surface Temperature in Savar, Bangladesh. Jahangirnagar University Environmental Bulletin, 8.
  47. Srivastava, P., Han, D., Rico-Ramirez, M., Bray, M., & Islam, T. (2012). Selection of classification techniques for land use/land cover change investigation. Advances in Space Research, 50(9), 1250-1265. https://doi.org10.1016/j.asr.2012.06.032
  48. Teshome, D., Leta, M., Taddese, H., Moshe, A., Tolessa, T., Ayele, G., & You, S. (2023). Watershed Hydrological Responses to Land Cover Changes at Muger Watershed, Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia. Water, 15(14), 2533. https://doi.org10.3390/w15142533
  49. Tran, D., Pla, F., Latorre-Carmona, P., Myint, S., Caetano, M., & Kieu, H. (2017). Characterizing the relationship between land use land cover change and land surface temperature. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing 124, 119-132. https://doi.org10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.01.001
  50. Ullah, S., Tahir, A., Akbar, T., Hassan, Q., Dewan, A., Khan, A., & Khan, M. (2019). Remote sensing-based quantification of the relationships between land use land cover changes and surface temperature over the Lower Himalayan Region. Sustainability, 11(19), 5492. https://doi.org10.3390/su11195492
  51. Voon, K. L., Tan, K. W., & Chin, K. S. (2022). Assessment of the Flood and Drought Occurrence Using Statistically Downscaled Local Climate Models: A Case Study in Langat River Basin, Malaysia. Civil and Environmental Engineering, 18(1), 221-233. https://doi.org10.2478/cee-2022-0021
  52. Wicki, A., & Parlow, E. (2017). Multiple Regression Analysis for Unmixing of Surface Temperature Data in an Urban Environment. Remote Sensing, 9(7). https://doi.org10.3390/rs9070684
  53. Younus, M., & Mohammed, R. (2023). Geo-informatics techniques for detecting changes in land use and land cover in response to regional weather variation. Theoretical Applied Climatology, 154(1), 89-106. https://doi.org10.1007/s00704-023-04536-8
  54. Zadbagher, E., Becek, K., & Berberoglu, S. (2018). Modeling land use/land cover change using remote sensing and geographic information systems: case study of the Seyhan Basin, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 190, 1-15. https://doi.org10.1007/s10661-018-6877-y
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2026-0083 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6512 (formerly 1336-5835) | Journal ISSN: 1336-5835
Language: English
Submitted on: Dec 1, 2025
Accepted on: Jan 5, 2026
Published on: Feb 8, 2026
Published by: University of Žilina
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2026 Nadheer Ayoob, Ruqayah Mohammed, published by University of Žilina
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.