Effects of Geogrid Reinforcement and Tire Contact Pressure on Responses of Flexible Pavement over Weak Subgrade
By: Nawal D. Salman and Hasan H. Joni
References
- ASTM D1883-21. (2021). Standard test method for CBR (California bearing ratio) of laboratory-compacted soils. ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/D1883-21
- ASTM C88 / C88M-18. (2018). Standard Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate. ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0088_C0088M-1
- Abu-Farsakh, Murad, and Munir Nazzal. Evaluation of the base/subgrade soil under repeated loading: phase I-laboratory testing and numerical modeling of geogrid reinforced bases in flexible pavement. No. FHWA/LA. 09/450. Louisiana Transportation Research Center, 2009.
- Akram, H. A., Hilal, M. M., & Fattah, M. Y. (2022). Numerical simulation of the effect of repeated load and temperature on the behavior of asphalt layers. Engineering and Technology Journal, 40(5), 1-10.
- Al-Qadi, I. L., & Wang, H. (2011). Prediction of tire pavement contact stresses and analysis of asphalt pavement responses: A decoupled approach. Asphalt Paving Technology-Proceedings Association of Asphalt Technologists, 80, 289.
- Al-Qadi, I. L., Yoo, P. J., Elseifi, M. A., Janajreh, I., Chehab, G., & Collop, A. (2005). Effects of tire configurations on pavement damage. Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 74(1), 921-961.
- Albayati, A., & Al-Mosawe, H. (2023). Influence of Different Factors on Permanent Deformation of Hot Asphalt Concrete Mixtures. Civil and Environmental Engineering, 19(2), 555-567. https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2023-0050
- Alhelyani, A., & Zhang, S. (2023). Permanent Deformation Evaluation of Modified Asphaltic Pavement Based on Numerical Simulation Models. Civil and Environmental Engineering, 19(1), 178-189. https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2023-0016
- Alimohammadi, H., Schaefer, V. R., Zheng, J., & Li, H. (2021). Performance evaluation of geosynthetic reinforced flexible pavement: a review of full-scale field studies. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 14(1), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-020-0019-y
- Bonaquist, R., Churilla, C., & Freund, D. (1988). Effect of load, tire pressure, and tire type on flexible pavement response. Public Roads, 52(1), 1-7.
- Cuelho, E. V., & Perkins, S. W. (2017). Geosynthetic subgrade stabilization – Field testing and design method calibration. Transportation Geotechnics, 10, 22-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2016.10.002
- Decký, M., Remišová, E., Mečár, M., Bartuška, L., Lizbetin, J., & Drevený, I. (2015). In situ determination of load bearing capacity of soils on the airfields. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, 15, 11-18.
- Garg, N., & Hayhoe, G. F. (2001). Asphalt concrete strain responses at high loads and low speeds at the national airport pavement test facility (NAPTF). In Advancing airfield pavements (pp. 1-14). https://doi.org/10.1061/40579(271)1
- Gunasekara Jayalath, C. P., Gallage, C., Dhanasekar, M., Dareeju, B., Ramanujam, J., & Lee, J. (2018). Pavement model tests to investigate the effects of geogrid as subgrade reinforcement. In Proceedings of the 12th Australian and New Zealand young geotechnical professionals conference (pp. 1-8). Australian Geomechanics Society.
- Huang, Y. H. (2004). Pavement analysis and design (Vol. 2, pp. 401-409). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Hussein, M., Fattah, M., & Hilal, M. (2021). Dynamic behavior of pavement layers on sand subgrade. Engineering and Technology Journal, 39(12), 1760-1770. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.v39i12.1770
- Ibrahim, Saad F., Namir G. Ahmed, and Dhuha E. Mohammed. Effect of reinforcement on improve surface pavement for weak subgrade conditions. GEOMATE Journal, 11(23), 2188-2193 (2016).
- Jasim, A. F., Fattah, M. Y., Al-Saadi, I. F., & Abbas, A. S. (2021). Geogrid reinforcement optimal location under different tire contact stress assumptions. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 14(3), 357-365.
- Jayalath, C., Gallage, C., Wimalasena, K., Lee, J., & Ramanujam, J. (2021). Performance of composite geogrid reinforced unpaved pavements under cyclic loading. Construction and Building Materials, 304, 124570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124570
- Jebur, F. F., Fattah, M. Y., & Abduljabbar, A. S. (2021). Function and application of geogrid in flexible pavement under dynamic load. Engineering and Technology Journal, 39(08), 1231-1241.
- Jing, R., Varveri, A., Liu, X., Scarpas, A., & Erkens, S. (2020). Study on the asphalt pavement response in the accelerated pavement testing facility. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Pavements—Mairepav9 (pp. 871-880). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48679-2_81
- Kwon, J., Kim, M., & Tutumluer, E. (2005). Interface Modeling for Mechanistic Analysis of Geogrid Reinforced Flexible Pavements. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1061/40776(155)21
- Marshek, K. M., Chen, H. H., Connell, R. B., & Saraf, C. L. (1986). Effect of truck tire inflation pressure and axle load on flexible and rigid pavement performance. Transportation Research Record, 1070, 14-21.
- Nazzal, M. D. (2007). Laboratory characterization and numerical modeling of geogrid reinforced bases in flexible pavements. Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College.
- Rahman, S., Ahmed, A., & Erlingsson, S. (2025). Responses of a thin flexible pavement loaded with tires of various dimensions and configurations. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 26(sup1), 680-699.
- Roberts, F. L., Tielking, J. T., Middleton, D., Lytton, R. L., & Tseng, K. (1985). Effects of tire pressures on flexible pavements. Final Report. No. FHWA/TX-86/372-1F.
- Sami, D. A., Hameed, H., & Hilal, M. M. (2024). Effect of reinforced asphalt pavement layers with geotextile under dynamic load. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 3105, No. 1, p. 050063). AIP Publishing LLC. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0212903
- Sebaaly, P., & Tabatabaee, N. (1989). Effect of tire pressure and type on response of flexible pavement. Transportation Research Record, 1227, 92-127.
- Sharbaf, M., & Ghafoori, N. (2021). Laboratory evaluation of geogrid-reinforced flexible pavements. Transportation Engineering, 4, 100070.
- SCRB, R9, 2003. General Specifications for Roads and Bridges, Department of Planning and Studies, Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Housing and Construction.
- Tasnim, S., Shaikh, F. U. A., Sarker, P., Doh, S. I., & Albtoosh, J. F. A. A. (2021). A Comprehensive Review of Flexible Pavement Failures, Improvement Methods and Its Disadvantages. Key Engineering Materials, 879, 136-148.
- Wimalasena, K., & Jayalath, C. P. G. (2020). Effect of geogrid reinforcement in weak subgrades. International Journal of Geomate, 18(65), 140–146. https://doi.org/10.21660/2020.65.90377
- Zadehmohamad, M., Luo, N., Abu-Farsakh, M., & Voyiadjis, G. Z. (2022). Evaluating long-term benefits of geosynthetics in flexible pavements built over weak subgrades by finite element and Mechanistic-Empirical analyses. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 50(3), 455–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2022.01.004
- Zornberg, J. G. (2015). Advances in the use of geosynthetics in pavement projects. In Keynote lecture, proceedings of the 2nd iberic conference on geosynthetics, Geosintec Iberia (pp. 07-08).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2026-0081 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6512 (formerly 1336-5835) | Journal ISSN: 1336-5835
Language: English
Submitted on: Nov 8, 2025
Accepted on: Dec 17, 2025
Published on: Feb 8, 2026
Published by: University of Žilina
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Nawal D. Salman, Hasan H. Joni, published by University of Žilina
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.