Dynamic Behaviour of Marine Sands Under Tsunami Induced Cyclic Loading: Laboratory Triaxial Testing

Izzeddine Houhamdi; Imed Loukam; Abderrahim Gheris

doi:10.2478/cee-2026-0057

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Dynamic Behaviour of Marine Sands Under Tsunami Induced Cyclic Loading: Laboratory Triaxial Testing

Civil and Environmental Engineering

Volume 22 (2026): Issue 2 (June 2026)

By: Izzeddine Houhamdi, Imed Loukam and Abderrahim Gheris

Open Access

|Jun 2026

Figures & Tables

Tsunami catalog (1600 BC – 2017) covering seismic, gravitational, volcanic, and other triggers. Source: NOAA

The triaxial device used for monotonic and cyclic testing (DYNATIAX EmS)

Cyclic triaxial pressure cell (DYNATIAX EmS)

Monotonic undrained triaxial compression test, stress–strain curves in the (ɛ1, q) plane a) Id = 0.25, b) Id = 0.50, c) Id = 0.70

Monotonic undrained triaxial compression test means effective stress–strain curves in the (p’, q) plane, a) Id = 0.25, b) Id = 0.50, c) Id = 0.70, d) The mechanical properties of the tested sand

Cyclic load applied to the tested sand specimen (Id=0.25, Ϭ’c=50 Kpa) during one cycle, for a 5 m wave amplitude

Cyclic shear stress applied to the tested sand specimen (Id=0.25, σ’a = 50 Kpa) during one cycle, for a 5-meter wave amplitude

Damping Ratio (D) vs. Number of Cycles Curves: a) Id = 0.25, b) Id = 0.50, c) fréq. = 0.01 Hz, d) fréq. = 0.02 Hz, e) fréq. = 0.10 Hz

Secant shear modulus (Gs) vs. Number of cycles curves: a) Id = 0.25, b) Id = 0.50, c) fréq. = 0.01 Hz, d) fréq. = 0.02 Hz, e) freq = 0.10 Hz

Physicals properties of the tested sand

Material	G_s	ρ_{d min} [g/cm³]	ρ_{d max} [g/cm³]	e_min	e_max
Sand	2.63	1.44	1.62	0.419	0.862

Physical properties of sand vs density index

Id	e	γ_d [g/cm³]	γ_h [g/cm³]	m_d [g]	m_h [g]
0.25	0.75	1.50	1.93	294.73	379
0.50	0.64	1.60	1.99	314.62	391
0.70	0.55	1.70	2.05	332.58	402

Grading characteristics of the tested sand

Material	D₁₀[mm]	D₃₀ [mm]	D₆₀ [mm]	C_u	C_c
Sand	0.22	0.29	0.36	1.64	1.06

Initial data for cyclic triaxial tests

Test n°	Material	Id	Ϭ_c[Kpa]	F[Hz]	Amplitude [m]
1	Sand	0,25	50	0,01	5
2				0,01	10
3				0,02	5
4				0,02	10
5				0,10	5
6				0,10	10
7		0,50		0,01	5
8					10
9					15
10				0,02	5
11					10
12					15
13				0,10	5
14					10
15					15

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2026-0057 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6512 | Journal ISSN: 1336-5835

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Language: English

Page range: 869 - 884

Submitted on: Jul 30, 2025

Accepted on: Oct 20, 2025

Published on: Jun 19, 2026

Published by: University of Žilina

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

Tsunami,

Seabed,

Loading frequency,

Triaxial apparatus,

Damping ratio (D),

Secant shear modulus (G_s)

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Business management,

Industries,

Environmental management

© 2026 Izzeddine Houhamdi, Imed Loukam, Abderrahim Gheris, published by University of Žilina
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 22 (2026): Issue 2 (June 2026)

Dynamic Behaviour of Marine Sands Under Tsunami Induced Cyclic Loading: Laboratory Triaxial Testing

Figures & Tables

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Physicals properties of the tested sand

Physical properties of sand vs density index

Grading characteristics of the tested sand

Initial data for cyclic triaxial tests

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