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The Effect of Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC) Residue on the Mechanical Properties and Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Cement Mortar Cover

The Effect of Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC) Residue on the Mechanical Properties and Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Cement Mortar

Civil and Environmental Engineering
Volume 22 (2026): Issue 2 (June 2026)
By: ,  ,  ,   and    
Open Access
|Jun 2026
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Fine aggregate

Figure 2:

Preparation process of PAC waste residue particles

Figure 3:

XRD diffraction pattern of PAC waste residue

Figure 4:

Microscopic morphology of PAC waste residue

Figure 5:

Particle size distribution curves of cement and PAC waste residues

Figure 6:

Effect of PAC residue content on mortar consistency

Figure 7:

Compressive strength and compressive strength ratio of mortar

Figure 8:

Effect of PAC waste residue content on the structural parameters of mortar pores: a) 28-day mass water absorption and pore size uniformity coefficient; b) 28-day average pore size

Figure 9:

Mass loss rate

Figure 10:

Failure mode of the mortar freeze-thaw cycle test

Figure 11:

Compressive strength loss rate

Figure 12:

Microstructure of mortar under different PAC waste residue contents

Mortar mix proportion

Serial number [-]Cement [kg/m3]Water [kg/m3]PAC residue [kg/m3]Sand [kg/m3]
PACM0402.032301411
PACM5381.932320.11411
PACM0361.832340.21411
PACM15341.732360.31411
PACM20321.632380.41411
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2026-0052 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6512 | Journal ISSN: 1336-5835
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Language: English
Page range: 784 - 797
Submitted on: Sep 13, 2025
Accepted on: Oct 18, 2025
Published on: Jun 19, 2026
Published by: University of Žilina
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
PAC residue,
Cement mortar,
Compressive strength,
Pore structure,
Frost resistance
Related subjects:
Business and economics,
Business management,
Industries,
Environmental management

© 2026 Ming Yao, Huan Lian, Shaoqiang Chai, Hai Shang, Tianchu Feng, published by University of Žilina
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 22 (2026): Issue 2 (June 2026)
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