Using Recycled Glass as a Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate to Produce Green Concrete

Khalid A. Abdullah; Ali Abdul Baki

doi:10.2478/cee-2026-0043

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Using Recycled Glass as a Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate to Produce Green Concrete

Civil and Environmental Engineering

Volume 22 (2026): Issue 2 (June 2026)

By: Khalid A. Abdullah and Ali Abdul Baki

Open Access

|Jun 2026

Figures & Tables

Grading curves for recycled glass, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate

Sample of recycled glass, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate

Compressive and Splitting tests by the universal testing machine

Compressive strength vs. proportioanl weight of coarse aggregate with no recycled glass

Compressive strength vs. proportioanl weight of coarse aggregate with 15% recycled glass

Compressive strength vs. proportioanl weight of coarse aggregate with 30% recycled glass

Compressive strength vs. proportioanl weight of coarse aggregate with 50% recycled glass

Compressive strength (ultrasonic test) vs. proportioanl weight of coarse aggregate with no recycled glass

Compressive strength (ultrasonic test) vs. proportioanl weight of coarse aggregate with 15% reycled glass

Compressive strength (ultrasonic test) vs. proportioanl weight of coarse aggregate with 30% recycled glass

Splitting strength vs. proportioanl weight of coarse aggregate with no recycled glass

Splitting strength vs. proportioanl weight of coarse aggregate with 15% recycled glass

Splitting strength vs. proportional weight of coarse aggregate with 30% recycled glass

Splitting strength vs. proportional weight of coarse aggregate with 50% recycled glass

Comparison of compressive strength of concrete mixtures without recyled glass and with 15% recycled glass

Comparison of compressive strength of concrete mixtures without recyled glass and with 30% recycled glass

Comparison of compressive strength of concrete mixtures without recyled glass and with 50% recycled glass

Comparison of compressive strength (ultrasonic test) of concrete mixtures without recyled glass and with 15% recycled glass

Comparison of compressive strength (ultrasonic test) of concrete mixtures without recyled glass and with 30% recycled glass

Comparison of compressive strength (ultrasonic test) of concrete mixtures without recyled glass and with 50% recycled glass

Comparison of splitting strength of concrete mixtures without recyled glass and with 15% recycled glass

Comparison of splitting strength of concrete mixtures without recyled glass and with 30% recycled glass

Comparison of splitting strength of concrete mixtures without recyled glass and with 50% recycled glass

Physical properties of ordinary portland cement

Initial setting time (Minutes)	125
Final setting time (Minutes)	300
Blaine (m²/kg)	300
Expansion (%)	0.04
3 days compressive strength (MPa)	11
7 days compressive strength (MPa)	18
28 days compressive strength (MPa)	29

Chemical composition (percentage) and specific gravity of ordinary portland cement

Component	Portland cement
SiO₂	19.8
Al₂O₃	4.13
Fe₂O₃	3.85
CaO	61.87
MgO	3.52
SO₃	1.79
Cl⁻	0.01
LOI	2.35
Specific Gravity	3.15

Experimntal program

	No. of casted cylinders	Compressive strength test No. of cylinders			Splitting test No. of cylinders		Ultrasonic test
For each concrete mixture	15	3 cured for 7 days	3 cured for 28 days	3 cured for 52 days	3 cured for 28 days	3 cured for 52 days	Same cylinders that were cured for the splitting test were used for ultrasonic test first.

Concrete properties

Mixtures*	w/cm	Slump, (mm)	Temp., °C
M1-0	0.46	12	25
M1-15	0.46	12	24
M1-30	0.46	13	26
M1-50	0.46	14	23
M1.5-0	0.46	13	25
M1.5-15	0.46	13	26
M1.5-30	0.46	14	24
M1.5-50	0.46	14	27
M2-0	0.46	14	23
M2-15	0.46	14	24
M2-30	0.46	15	25
M2-50	0.46	15	28
M2.5-0	0.46	14	22
M2.5-15	0.46	15	24
M2.5-30	0.46	15	26
M2.5-50	0.46	15	23
M3-0	0.46	14	25
M3-15	0.46	15	27
M3-30	0.46	15	24
M3-50	0.46	15	28

Mechanical properites of concrete

Mixtures*	Compressive strength of concrete cylinders (MPa)^**			Compressive strength of concrete cylinders (Ultrasonic test) (MPa)			Splitting strength of concrete cylinders (MPa)^**
Mixtures*	7 days	28 days	52 days	7 days	28 days	52 days	28 days	52 days
M1-0	26.0	41.8	42.3	36.4	45.0	43.9	1.8	2.7
M1-15	32.9	44.4	45.4	37.4	46.3	50.5	2.3	3.1
M1-30	34.5	45.3	45.3	41.3	48.3	49.9	3.4	4.0
M1-50	36.6	51.3	50.9	39.9	57.4	54.4	3.8	3.8
M1.5-0	26.4	41.7	42.0	36.9	45.4	45.5	1.9	3.0
M1.5-15	25.4	42.3	44.1	35.8	43.6	49.9	2.4	3.4
M1.5-30	33.8	44.2	46.4	39.9	44.4	50.4	3.6	4.1
M1.5-50	32.2	45.4	47.1	38.0	49.4	54.0	3.9	4.2
M2-0	27.3	42.6	43.1	35.6	42.9	45.6	2.1	3.2
M2-15	27.2	40.8	42.5	36.7	41.8	47.9	2.4	3.7
M2-30	34.1	46.2	45.3	41.2	50.2	50.2	3.8	4.4
M2-50	30.3	39.8	40.4	38.8	43.5	46.5	4.1	4.2
M2.5-0	26.4	41.1	41.9	37.1	47.1	41.3	2.3	3.5
M2.5-15	25.6	33.4	41.1	36.3	41.3	46.1	2.8	3.8
M2.5-30	33.1	39.0	43.2	40.5	43.9	44.2	3.9	4.6
M2.5-50	27.5	36.5	39.1	36.5	41.9	40.5	4.3	4.4
M3-0	25.3	37.6	39.0	37.0	41.3	40.6	2.7	3.9
M3-15	30.0	36.0	39.1	39.9	41.6	43.7	3.6	4.4
M3-30	31.3	40.2	40.6	38.9	46.1	45.9	4.0	4.4
M3-50	24.8	33.6	37.2	36.0	39.8	38.3	4.4	4.5

Mixture proportions (kg/m3)

Mixtures*	Weight proportion (Cement: Fine agg.: Recycled glass: coarse agg.)	w/c	Cement kg/m³	Water kg/m³	Fine aggregate kg/m³	Recycled glass kg/m³	Coarse aggregate kg/m³
M1-0	1:2:0:1	0.46	370	170	740	0	370
M1-15	1:1.7:0.3:1	0.46	370	170	629	111	370
M1-30	1:1.4:0.6:1	0.46	370	170	520	220	370
M1-50	1:1:1:1	0.46	370	170	370	370	370
M1.5-0	1:2:0:1.5	0.46	370	170	740	0	555
M1.5-15	1:1.7:0.3:1.5	0.46	370	170	629	111	555
M1.5-30	1:1.4:0.6:1.5	0.46	370	170	520	220	555
M1.5-50	1:1:1:1.5	0.46	370	170	370	370	555
M2-0	1:2:0:2	0.46	370	170	740	0	740
M2-15	1:1.7:0.3:2	0.46	370	170	629	111	740
M2-30	1:1.4:0.6:2	0.46	370	170	520	220	740
M2-50	1:1:1:2	0.46	370	170	370	370	740
M2.5-0	1:2:0:2.5	0.46	370	170	740	0	925
M2.5-15	1:1.7:0.3:2.5	0.46	370	170	629	111	925
M2.5-30	1:1.4:0.6:2.5	0.46	370	170	520	220	925
M2.5-50	1:1:1:2.5	0.46	370	170	370	370	925
M3-0	1:2:0:3	0.46	370	170	740	0	1110
M3-15	1:1.7:0.3:3	0.46	370	170	629	111	1110
M3-30	1:1.4:0.6:3	0.46	370	170	520	220	1110
M3-50	1:1:1:3	0.46	370	170	370	370	1110

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2026-0043 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6512 | Journal ISSN: 1336-5835

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Language: English

Page range: 718 - 738

Submitted on: Jul 19, 2025

Accepted on: Sep 29, 2025

Published on: Jun 19, 2026

Published by: University of Žilina

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Political economics,

Economic theory, systems and structures,

Business management,

Industries,

Environmental management

© 2026 Khalid A. Abdullah, Ali Abdul Baki, published by University of Žilina
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 22 (2026): Issue 2 (June 2026)

Using Recycled Glass as a Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate to Produce Green Concrete

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Physical properties of ordinary portland cement

Chemical composition (percentage) and specific gravity of ordinary portland cement

Experimntal program

Concrete properties

Mechanical properites of concrete

Mixture proportions (kg/m3)

Paradigm

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