Abstract
This study investigates selected environmental, economic, and social impacts of road and highway development based on a review of recent literature and a focused analysis of representative case studies. It examines key consequences such as habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, increased emissions, and regional socio-economic transformations. The methodology applies comparative analysis to specific projects, including the D1 motorway (Czech Republic), A1 (Poland), and M25 (United Kingdom), highlighting measurable changes in traffic efficiency, land use, and investment activity. The findings illustrate both positive effects—such as improved connectivity and economic growth—and negative outcomes like urban sprawl and pollution. Sustainable alternatives are discussed, including smart transport systems (e.g. AI-based tolling and traffic management) and green infrastructure solutions like ecological corridors and low-emission zones. This research offers practical insights for policymakers, civil engineers, and urban infrastructure planners seeking to align road development with long-term sustainability goals.