Producing Sustainable Lightweight Geopolymer Concrete Using Waste Materials

Hilal, Ameer A.; Nader, Awaz S.; Kurji, Badoor M.

doi:10.2478/cee-2024-0081

Abstract

A research has been undertaken to investigate the possibility of producing sustainable lightweight geopolymer material by using waste zeolite (zeolite molecular sieve) as aluminates and silicates source and at the same time as lightweight medium. This was done by totally or partially replacement of fly ash by waste zeolite particles. Six geopolymer mixes were designed and produced using different source materials (fly ash F, fly ash C and zeolite) and alkaline solution of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide. From the results, it was found that using fly ash C resulted in producing geopolymer mix with higher density than those made with fly ash F (Gf mix). However, replacing the fly ash totally with the zeolite particles helped in producing lightweight geopolymer concrete (1600 kg/m³) by achieving about 27% weight reduction and gaining about 5.1 MPa compressive strength. Not only reducing CO2 emissions by adopting zeolite- based geopolymer binder (instead of cement paste) but also achieving operational energy saving by producing lightweight concrete was obtained from producing lightweight geopolymer concrete as constructional material.

References

AL-HADITHI, A. - ABBAS, M.: The effects of adding waste plastic fibers on the mechanical properties and shear strength of reinforced concrete beams, Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering, 2018, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 110–124.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
HILAL, A.: Effect of crumb tyres rubber on some properties of foamed concrete, Anbar Journal for Engineering Sciences, 2011, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1–17.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
BHAVANI, S. - NAGESH, K. G. - REDDY, M. - SANJEEVA, R. E.: Experimental Study on Geopolymer Rubberized concrete using natural Zeolite, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2021, vol. 1132, no. 1, p. 012038, doi: 10.1088/1757-899x/1132/1/012038.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
AMINI, I. - KRISNAMURTI, W. W.: Compressive strength of geopolymer concrete with fly-ash from Paiton Steam Power Plant and variations of substitution sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) with natural zeolite, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2020, vol. 930, no. 1, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/930/1/012025.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
MA, C. - ZAWAWI, A. - OMAR, W.: Structural and material performance of geopolymer concrete: A review, Constr. Build. Mater., 2018, vol. 186, pp. 90–102, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.111.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
VILLA, C. - PECINA, E. T. - TORRES, R. - GÓMEZ, L.: Geopolymer synthesis using alkaline activation of natural zeolite, Constr. Build. Mater., 2010, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 2084–2090, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.052.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
LIBAN, R. I. - KESKIN, Ü. S. - ÖZTÜRK, O.: Mechanical strength variation of zeolite-fly ash geopolymer mortars with different activator concentrations, Chall. J. Res. Lett., 2021, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 96–103, doi: 10.20528/cjcrl.2021.03.003.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
ALEEM, M. I. A. - ARUMAIRAJ, P. D.: Geopolymer concrete – A review, Int. J. Eng. Sci. Emerg. Technol., 2012, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 118–122, doi: 10.7323/ijeset/v1.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
SINGH, B. - ISHWARYA, G. - GUPTA, M. - BHATTACHARYYA, S. K.: Geopolymer concrete: A review of some recent developments, Constr. Build. Mater., 2015, vol. 85, pp. 78–90, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.036.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
BAKHAREV, T.: Geopolymeric materials prepared using Class F fly ash and elevated temperature curing, Cem. Concr. Res., 2005, vol. 35, pp. 1224–1232, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.06.031.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
KOZHUKHOVA, N. I. - TESLYA, A. Y.: Comparison study of Class F and Class C fly ashes as cement replacement material on strength development of non-cement mortar, Appl. Sci. Eng. Conf., 2018, vol. 288, no. 012019, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/288/1/012019.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
NEMEC, J. - GANDEL, R. - JERABEK, J. - SUCHARDA, O. - BILEK, V.: Properties of selected alkali-activated materials for sustainable development, Civil and Environmental Engineering, vol. 20, no. 1, 2024, pp. 307–318, https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2024-0024.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
MARK, O. - EDE, A. - ARUM, C. - JOLAYEMI, K.: Empirical modeling of high-performance self-compacting concrete with induction-furnace slag, Civil and Environmental Engineering, vol. 20, no. 1, 2024, pp. 440–460, https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2024-0034.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
KURJI, B. M. - MUJTABA, I. M. - ABBAS, A. S.: Synthesis, characterizations, and recent applications of the silica-based Mobil Composition of Mesoporous Material: A review, Iraqi J. Chem. Pet. Eng., 2023, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1–12.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
NAGROCKIENE, D. - GIRSKAS, G.: Research into the properties of concrete modified with natural zeolite addition, Constr. Build. Mater., 2016, vol. 113, pp. 964–969, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.133.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
ASTM C618: Standard specification for coal fly ash or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete, Am. Soc. Test. Mater, 2005.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
HILAL, A. A. - MAHMOOD, F. I.: On production of pre-formed foamed geopolymer concrete, in 2018 11th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE), 2018, pp. 290–294.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
OBAID, H. A. - HILAL, A. A.: Foam concrete made with micro and nano silica sand: Pore structure and properties, Adv. Concr. Constr., 2021, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 207–216.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
ASTM C513: Standard test method for obtaining and testing specimens of hardened lightweight insulating concrete for compressive strength, Am. Soc. Test. Mater., 2019.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
ASTM C78: Standard test method for flexural strength of concrete (using simple beam with third-point loading), Am. Soc. Test. Mater., 2015.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
ZHANG, Z. - PROVIS, J. L. - REID, A. - WANG, H.: Geopolymer foam concrete: An emerging material for sustainable construction, Constr. Build. Mater., 2014, vol. 56, pp. 113–127, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.081.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
WATTIMENA, O. - ANTONI, A. - HARDJITO, D.: A review on the effect of fly ash characteristics and their variations on the synthesis of fly ash-based geopolymer, in AIP Conference Proceedings, 2017, vol. 1887, p. 20041, doi: 10.1063/1.5003524.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
ANTONI, S. - WIJAYA, W. - HARDJITO, D.: Factors affecting the setting time of fly ash-based geopolymer, Mater. Sci. Forum, 2016, vol. 841, pp. 90–97, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.841.90.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
AL BAKRI, A. M. - KAMARUDIN, H. - OMAR, A. - NORAZIAN, M.: The effect of alkaline activator ratio on the compressive strength of fly ash-based geopolymer paste, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2011, vol. 5, pp. 1916–1922, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/209/1/012064.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
NADER, A. S. - HILAL, A. A. - ALWAN, G. H.: Investigating the properties of foamed fly ash and metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete, Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2022, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 2820–2832.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
HILAL, A. A.: Effect of aggregate roughness on strength and permeation characteristics of lightweight aggregate concrete, Journal of Engineering, vol. 2021, Article ID 9505625, 8 pages.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Producing Sustainable Lightweight Geopolymer Concrete Using Waste Materials

Abstract

Paradigm

My account