Field evaluation of planting pattern effects on performance of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) varieties in a maize intercropping system

Parameters	2023	2024
Mean maximum temperature [ºC]	31.4	31.5
Mean minimum temperature [ºC]	23.5	3.0
Mean precipitation [mm/day]	3.6	2.9
Mean relative humidity [%]	81.7	77.6
Total precipitation [mm]	582.0	509.5

[i] Source: https://www.visualcrossing.com

Table 2.

Mean square values from the analysis of variance for growth and yield parameters of kenaf varieties intercropped with maize under two spacing dimensions in two seasons.

Sources of variation	Degree of freedom	Plant height	Stem diameter	Number of leaves	Number of seeds/capsule	Seed yield	Number of capsules/plant	Core yield	Bast fibre yield
Variety (V)	2	621.87^**	0.40^**	491.67 ns	2.52 ns	1.88 ns	70.29 ns	0.16 ns	0.53 ns
Cropping system (CS)	1	1817.96^***	0.42^**	157.04 ns	9.50 ns	0.46 ns	78.13 ns	0.87 ns	0.87 ns
Season (S)	1	4303.21^***	3.63^***	296.06 ns	244.02^***	106.95^***	3396.25^***	99.55^***	0.18 ns
Spacing (SP)	1	500.20^*	0.48^**	1042.72 ns	81.06^**	0.47 ns	14.67 ns	36.11^***	7.54^**
V × CS	2	37.97 ns	0.10 ns	17.23 ns	0.92 ns	4.46 ns	43.16 ns	0.50 ns	0.71 ns
V × S	2	482.69^*	0.01 ns	747.27 ns	1.62 ns	1.58 ns	85.68 ns	0.01 ns	1.35 ns
V × SP	2	2.23 ns	0.04 ns	142.27 ns	7.42 ns	2.54 ns	3.67 ns	1.01 ns	1.37 ns
CS × S	1	302.20 ns	0.15 ns	370.52 ns	1.76 ns	0.08 ns	39.01 ns	0.60 ns	0.67 ns
CS × SP	1	835.21^**	0.03 ns	126.23 ns	31.67 ns	0.94 ns	105.13 ns	1.96 ns	0.24 ns
S × SP	1	3158.47^***	0.11 ns	3222.26^**	0.01 ns	11.12^*	243.84^*	17.61 ns	0.15 ns
V × CS × S	2	51.29 ns	0.02 ns	90.48 ns	14.19 ns	5.66 ns	119.21 ns	1.49 ns	1.48 ns
V × CS × SP	2	37.95 ns	0.01 ns	375.40 ns	0.12 ns	1.69 ns	73.26^*	2.70 ns	2.16 ns
V × S × SP	2	13.61 ns	0.05 ns	210.87 ns	2.97 ns	2.67 ns	32.67 ns	0.42 ns	0.80 ns
CS × S × SP	1	84.34 ns	0.08 ns	36.13 ns	0.002 ns	0.53 ns	70.01 ns	0.68 ns	0.89 ns

*, ** and *** imply significance at 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels of probability, respectively; ns: non-significant.

Table 3.

Effect of season, variety, cropping system and spacing on growth, yield and yield components of three kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) varieties intercropped with maize at two spacing dimensions in two seasons.

Treatments	Plant height [cm]	Number of leaves	Stem diameter [cm]	Number of capsules/plant	Number of seeds/capsule	Seed yield [t/ha]	Core yield [t/ha]	Bast fibre yield [t/ha]
	average over 4–10 WAS^#			at 10 WAS
Kenaf varieties
ARTKEN 211	50.158 a	41.764 a	0.853 a	22.729 a	17.817 a	1.815 a	2.229 a	0.812 a
IFEKEN 400	45.090 b	38.124 a	0.723 b	22.271 a	18.073 a	1.961 a	2.077 a	0.744 a
IFEKEN DI 400	48.041 a	42.273 a	0.787 a	25.438 a	17.429 a	2.355 a	2.100 a	1.028 a
Season
First	51.628 a	41.734 a	0.675 b	30.347 a	19.614 a	3.262 a	0.959 b	0.811 a
Second	43.897 b	39.706 a	0.900 a	16.611 b	15.932 b	0.825 b	3.311 a	0.912 a
Cropping system
Sole	45.250 b	39.981 a	0.749 b	22.438 a	18.136 a	1.963 a	2.245 a	0.777 a
Intercrop	50.275 a	41.458 a	0.826 a	24.521 a	17.410 a	2.123 a	2.025 a	0.947 a
Spacing
0.50 m × 0.15 m	49.081 a	42.623 a	0.828 a	23.028 a	18.838 a	1.963 a	2.843 a	1.185 a
0.50 m × 0.25 m	46.445 b	38.817 a	0.747 b	23.931 a	16.708 b	2.124 a	1.427 b	0.538 b

[i] Means with similar letters are not significantly different.

[ii] WAS – weeks after sowing

Plant height of three kenaf (*Hibiscus cannabinus* L.) varieties at different plant ages as influenced by spacing of sowing.

Stem diameter of three kenaf (*Hibiscus cannabinus* L.) varieties at different plant ages as influenced by spacing of sowing.

Table 4.

Mean square values from the analysis of variance for growth and yield components of maize intercropped with three kenaf varieties under two spacing in two seasons.

Sources of variation	Degree of freedom	Plant height	Stem diameter	Number of leaves	Leaf area	Grain yield	100-seed weight
Cropping system (CS)	3	177.81 ns	0.12 ns	0.12 ns	9243.86 ns	0.52 ns	0.001 ns
Season (S)	1	14763.36^***	0.09 ns	8.83^***	1952.52 ns	7.04^***	0.001 ns
Spacing (SP)	2	823.85^*	0.02 ns	1.78 ns	14662.04 ns	0.18 ns	0.006^*
CS × S	3	109.07 ns	0.36 ns	2.67^**	10453.80 ns	0.84 ns	0.001 ns
CS × SP	3	108.09 ns	0.31 ns	2.59^**	7703.12 ns	0.21 ns	0.004 ns
SP× S	1	3740.18^***	0.58 ns	6.44^**	66852.76^***	0.24 ns	0.002 ns
CS × SP× S	3	386.31 ns	0.21 ns	0.58 ns	38549.98 ns	0.22 ns	0.000 ns

*, ** and *** implies significance at 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels of probability, respectively; ns: non-significant

Plant height of three kenaf (*Hibiscus cannabinus* L.) varieties at different plant ages as influenced by cropping system.

Stem diameter of three kenaf (*Hibiscus cannabinus* L) varieties at different plant ages as influenced by cropping system.

Table 5.

Growth (across different plant ages) and yield of maize as influenced by the cropping system.

Cropping systems	Plant height [cm]				Number of leaves
Cropping systems	4 WAS	6 WAS	8 WAS	10 WAS	4 WAS	6 WAS	8 WAS	10 WAS
Sole	25.43 a	55.19 a	81.33 a	108.48 a	6.42 a	7.47 a	9.81 a	10.63 a
Maize + ARTKEN 211	25.28 a	51.52 a	80.73 a	112.71 a	6.08 a	7.61 a	9.92 a	10.83 a
Maize + IFEKEN 400	26.47 a	53.96 a	83.37 a	121.84 a	6.28 a	7.33 a	9.83 a	10.56 a
Maize + IFEKEN 400 DI	27.06 a	54.19 a	78.94 a	120.63 a	6.4 a	7.34 a	9.76 a	10.75 a
	Leaf area [cm²]				Stem diameter [cm]
	4 WAS	6 WAS	8 WAS	10 WAS	4 WAS	6 WAS	8 WAS	10 WAS
Sole	55.10 a	232.26 a	349.59 a	435.36 a	0.61 a	1.22 a	1.37 a	1.97 a
Maize + ARTKEN 211	50.72 a	186.90 a	316.45 a	466.77 a	0.51 a	1.21 a	1.37 a	1.63 a
Maize + IFEKEN 400	45.51 a	198.35 a	310.68 a	406.11 a	0.54 a	1.19 a	1.37 a	1.64 a
Maize + IFEKEN 400 DI	52.94 a	187.20 a	310.66 a	403.91 a	0.57 a	1.23 a	1.42 a	1.63 a
	Grain yield [t/ha]		100-seed weight [kg]
	12 WAS		12 WAS
Sole	1.11 a		0.014 a
Maize + ARTKEN 211	1.25 a		0.012 a
Maize + IFEKEN 400	1.40 a		0.013 a
Maize + IFEKEN 400 DI	1.60 a		0.013 a

[i] Means with similar letters are not significantly different; WAS – weeks after sowing

Table 6.

Mean effect of seasonal and spacing variation on growth and yield of maize intercropped with kenaf under two spacing in two seasons.

Sources of variation	Plant height [cm]	Number of leaves	Leaf area [cm²]	Stem diameter [cm]	Grain yield [t/ha]	100-seed weight [kg]
	average over 4–10 WAS				at 12 WAS
Spacing
50 cm × 15 cm	67.124 b	8.472 a	241.79 a	1.226 a	1.402 a	0.014 a
50 cm × 25 cm	71.267 a	8.665 a	259.27 a	1.208 a	1.278 a	0.012 b
Season
First	77.965 a	8.354 b	247.34 a	1.239 a	0.957 b	0.014 a
Second	60.427 b	8.783 a	253.72 a	1.195 a	1.723 a	0.013 a

[i] Means with similar letters are not significantly different; WAS – weeks after sowing

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cag-2025-0018 | Journal eISSN: 3071-740X (formerly 2956-9494) | Journal ISSN: 2081-2787

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Language: English

Page range: 207 - 217

Submitted on: Jun 30, 2025

Accepted on: Dec 9, 2025

Published on: Feb 11, 2026

Published by: Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: Volume open

Keywords:

agronomic performance,

spacing,

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© 2026 Ibukunolu O. Udemba, Samson O. Olanipekun, Olatunde P. Ayodele, Eyitayo A. Makinde, Olutayo N. Adeniyan, published by Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 54 (2025): Issue 2 (June 2025)

Field evaluation of planting pattern effects on performance of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) varieties in a maize intercropping system

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Table 4.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Table 5.

Table 6.

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