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Response of black wheat to combined organic and bio-fertilizers under field conditions Cover

Response of black wheat to combined organic and bio-fertilizers under field conditions

Current Agronomy
Volume 54 (2025): Issue 2 (June 2025)
By: ,  ,  ,   and    
Open Access
|Nov 2025
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Meteorological data of the experimental site during the study.

Figure 2.

Field trial on black wheat crop in the field on 60 days after sowing (DAS). (A-B) wheat in primary stage in the experimental field, (C) wheat spikes, (D) kernels of black wheat.

Table 1.

Different treatments used during the present study.

Treatment no.Treatments Details
T0Control (No Fertilizers)
T1Jaivik Khad (100%) + PSB (2 ml l−1)
T2Jaivik Khad (100%) + NPK (2 ml l−1)
T3Jaivik Khad (100%) + POTASH (2 ml l−1)
T4Jaivik Khad (100%) + PSB (3 ml l−1)
T5Jaivik Khad (100%) + NPK (3 ml l−1)
T6Jaivik Khad (100%) + POTASH (3 ml l−1)
T7Jaivik Khad (100%) + PSB (4 ml l−1)
T8Jaivik Khad (100%) + NPK (4 ml l−1)
T9Jaivik Khad (100%) + POTASH (4 ml l−1)

[i] Jaivik Khad (100%) means recommended fertilizer dose (RFD) i.e. 100 kg/acre

Table 2.

Physicochemical properties of the field soil samples.

Physicals elementsResults (Value in range)
pH7.83 ±0.06
EC [dS m−1]0.19 ±0.03
Organic Carbon [%w]0.23 ±0.00
Organic Matter [%w]0.39 ±0.01
Nitrogen [kg ha−1]145.93 ±4.75
Phosphorus (P2O5) [kg ha−1]14.84 ±6.21
Potassium (K2O) [kg ha−1]55.18 ±8.46
Sulfur [ppm]4.51 ±0.98
Zn [ppm]0.81 ±0.13
Iron [ppm]9.17 ±5.92
Mn [ppm]1.13 ±0.11
Cu [ppm]0.69 ±0.12
Table 3.

Growth and development parameters of black wheat under different treatment conditions after 60 days of sowing (DAS).

Treatments#Shoot biomass (g)Root biomass [g]Plant length [cm]Leaf area [cm2]ChlorophyllNo. of tillers
ShootRoot
T06.274 ±0.4931.071 ±0.64972.444 ±4.19412.556 ±1.34741.380 ±8.36445.889 ±2.3293.778 ±0.509
T19.544 ±2.0111.349 ±0.49477.444 ±2.79513.333 ±0.88247.823 ±3.76647.778 ±8.6884.000 ±0.882
T210.292 ±1.3481.209 ±0.04681.556 ±4.91413.778 ±1.34749.747 ±2.22252.489 ±5.7094.333 ±0.667
T311.713 ±2.4341.792 ±0.19378.000 ±5.04413.778 ±1.07253.533 ±2.89049.911 ±4.0025.333 ±0.667
T410.388 ±4.0681.539 ±0.57977.000 ±6.08314.222 ±0.19254.620 ±9.98452.878 ±2.2604.556 ±0.839
T59.393 ±1.2921.538 ±0.21175.111 ±2.50214.333 ±0.88252.590 ±4.48553.544 ±1.2914.000 ±0.577
T69.938 ±1.4081.332 ±0.11676.333 ±3.78613.000 ±0.66755.223 ±10.14952.144 ±3.8664.111 ±0.192
T79.558 ±0.4501.427 ±0.09473.333 ±2.84814.444 ±1.38850.687 ±3.72848.144 ±1.0213.889 ±0.192
T89.938 ±1.4081.332 ±0.11676.333 ±3.78613.000 ±0.66755.223 ±10.14952.144 ±3.8664.111 ±0.192
T99.558 ±0.4501.427 ±0.09473.333 ±2.84814.444 ±1.38850.687 ±3.72848.144 ±1.0213.889 ±0.192

# see Table 1

Figure 3.

Total yield of black wheat under different treatment conditions.

Table 4.

Yield parameters of black wheat in response to different treatment conditions after 120 days of sowing (DAS).

Treatments#Spike length [cm]No. of seeds per spike100 seeds weight [g]Total yield per plot [g]
T07.433 ±0.58140.889 ±7.1984.030 ±0.0562290.333 ±341.951
T18.533 ±0.18651.444 ±2.8354.810 ±0.1562759.000 ±169.608
T28.467 ±0.57846.667 ±3.8444.320 ±0.1393102.333 ±267.562
T38.556 ±0.35349.778 ±2.2694.540 ±0.4082779.333 ±179.737
T48.989 ±0.51051.667 ±6.1104.240 ±0.0562922.333 ±145.225
T59.356 ±0.52155.444 ±1.2624.773 ±0.2462975.000 ±333.078
T69.433 ±0.48156.667 ±6.5064.880 ±0.4452697.000 ±158.357
T78.656 ±1.00651.667 ±7.5064.560 ±0.1643048.667 ±241.504
T88.833 ±0.54953.333 ±5.9254.340 ±0.2952983.667 ±258.411
T99.067 ±0.17657.000 ±7.5504.557 ±0.5643132.333 ±303.846

# see Table 1

Figure 4.

Crop Growth Rate, Relative Growth Rate and Net Assimilation Rate for black wheat plants subjected to various fertilizer treatments.

Figure 5.

Pearson correlation coefficient to depict the effect between fertilizer dosage and yield.

Figure 6.

Correlations (left) between yield parameters and (right) between growth and yield parameters in wheat. SL: spike length (cm); SPS: no. of seeds per spike; SW: 100 seeds weight (g); TY: total yield per plot (g); Sh W: shoot biomass (g); LA: leaf area (cm2); Chl: chlorophyll

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cag-2025-0012 | Journal eISSN: 3071-740X (formerly 2956-9494) | Journal ISSN: 2081-2787
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Language: English
Page range: 142 - 151
Submitted on: Apr 29, 2025
Accepted on: Oct 23, 2025
Published on: Nov 12, 2025
Published by: Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: Volume open
Keywords:
black wheat,
organic manure,
bio-fertilizers,
growth,
yield
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Plant science,
Ecology

© 2025 Acharya Balkrishna, Ajay Kumar Gautam, Nidhi Sharma, Vedpriya Arya, Vikram Khelwade, published by Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 54 (2025): Issue 2 (June 2025)
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