The response of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L. (partim)) to foliar application of silicon and calcium in the Zamość region

Artyszak, Arkadiusz; Gozdowski, Dariusz; Popielec, Rafał

doi:10.2478/cag-2025-0011

Figures & Tables

Weather conditions during the three growing seasons and in multiyear period.
Source: own study based on https://www.edwin.gov.pl/dane-agrometeorologiczne and https://danepubliczne.imgw.pl/ — Weather conditions during the three growing seasons and in multiyear period. Source: own study based on https://www.edwin.gov.pl/dane-agrometeorologiczne and https://danepubliczne.imgw.pl/

Path analysis results for variables determining fat yield (2022–2024).
The subsequent numbers refer to the control and Si + Ca. R2 – coefficient of determination, bi denote path coefficients, i.e. regression coefficients for standardized variables, ri,j denote correlation coefficients between individual causal features. * denotes a statistically significant relationship at a significance level of 0.05, while ** denote a statistically significant relationship at 0.01. — Path analysis results for variables determining fat yield (2022–2024). The subsequent numbers refer to the control and Si + Ca. R2 – coefficient of determination, bi denote path coefficients, i.e. regression coefficients for standardized variables, ri,j denote correlation coefficients between individual causal features. * denotes a statistically significant relationship at a significance level of 0.05, while ** denote a statistically significant relationship at 0.01.

Path analysis results for variables determining seed yield (2022–2024).
The subsequent numbers refer to the control and Si + Ca. R2 – coefficient of determination, bi denote path coefficients, i.e. regression coefficients for standardized variables, ri,j denote correlation coefficients between individual causal features. * denotes a statistically significant relationship at a significance level of 0.05, while ** denote a statistically significant relationship at 0.01. — Path analysis results for variables determining seed yield (2022–2024). The subsequent numbers refer to the control and Si + Ca. R2 – coefficient of determination, bi denote path coefficients, i.e. regression coefficients for standardized variables, ri,j denote correlation coefficients between individual causal features. * denotes a statistically significant relationship at a significance level of 0.05, while ** denote a statistically significant relationship at 0.01.

Path analysis results for variables determining fat yield in individual years of the study.
The subsequent numbers refer to the following years, 2022, 2023 and 2024. R2 – coefficient of determination, bi denote path coefficients, i.e. regression coefficients for standardized variables, ri,j denote correlation coefficients between individual causal features. * denotes a statistically significant relationship at a significance level of 0.05, while ** denote a statistically significant relationship at 0.01. — Path analysis results for variables determining fat yield in individual years of the study. The subsequent numbers refer to the following years, 2022, 2023 and 2024. R2 – coefficient of determination, bi denote path coefficients, i.e. regression coefficients for standardized variables, ri,j denote correlation coefficients between individual causal features. * denotes a statistically significant relationship at a significance level of 0.05, while ** denote a statistically significant relationship at 0.01.

Results of path analysis for variables determining seed yield in individual study years.
The subsequent numbers refer to the following years, 2022, 2023 and 2024. R2 – coefficient of determination, bi denote path coefficients, i.e. regression coefficients for standardized variables, ri,j denote correlation coefficients between individual causal features. * denotes a statistically significant relationship at a significance level of 0.05, while ** denote a statistically significant relationship at 0.01. — Results of path analysis for variables determining seed yield in individual study years. The subsequent numbers refer to the following years, 2022, 2023 and 2024. R2 – coefficient of determination, bi denote path coefficients, i.e. regression coefficients for standardized variables, ri,j denote correlation coefficients between individual causal features. * denotes a statistically significant relationship at a significance level of 0.05, while ** denote a statistically significant relationship at 0.01.

Path analysis results for variables conditioning fat yield in total for all years of study and combinations.
R2 – coefficient of determination, bi denote path coefficients, i.e. regression coefficients for standardized variables, ri,j denote correlation coefficients between individual causal features. * denotes a statistically significant relationship at a significance level of 0.05, while ** denote a statistically significant relationship at 0.01. — Path analysis results for variables conditioning fat yield in total for all years of study and combinations. R2 – coefficient of determination, bi denote path coefficients, i.e. regression coefficients for standardized variables, ri,j denote correlation coefficients between individual causal features. * denotes a statistically significant relationship at a significance level of 0.05, while ** denote a statistically significant relationship at 0.01.

Results of path analysis for variables conditioning fat yield for all years of research and combinations together.
R2 – coefficient of determination, bi denote path coefficients, i.e. regression coefficients for standardized variables, ri,j denote correlation coefficients between individual causal features. * denotes a statistically significant relationship at a significance level of 0.05, while ** denote a statistically significant relationship at 0.01. — Results of path analysis for variables conditioning fat yield for all years of research and combinations together. R2 – coefficient of determination, bi denote path coefficients, i.e. regression coefficients for standardized variables, ri,j denote correlation coefficients between individual causal features. * denotes a statistically significant relationship at a significance level of 0.05, while ** denote a statistically significant relationship at 0.01.

Rapeseed yield, seed quality, plant morphological features and profitability (2022–2024)_

Variable	2022		2023		2024		2022–2024
Variable	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
Plant density at harvest [pcs. m⁻²]	32.00 a	31.75 a	25.75 a	25.50 a	23.0 a	23.25 a	26.92 a	26.83 a
Seed yield at standard moisture (9%) [dt ha⁻¹]	58.19 a	61.03 a	24.24 a	27.89 a	42.97 a	46.56 a	41.80 a	45.16 b
Seed moisture [%]	7.23 a	8.18 b	7.15 a	7.50 b	7.28 a	7.05 a	7.22 a	7.58 b
Fat content in seeds [% d.m.]	45.60 a	43.93 a	47.03 a	45.70 a	45.88 a	47.63 b	46.17 a	45.75 a
Protein content in seeds [% d.m.]	20.98 a	21.40 a	19.88 a	18.88 a	20.55 a	20.25 a	20.47 a	20.18 a
Content of ADF (acid detergent fiber) in seeds [% d.m.]	23.08 a	23.95 a	23.28 a	23.90 a	22.48 a	22.45 a	22.94 a	23.43 a
Content of NDF (detergent neutral fiber) in seeds [% d.m.]	30.68 a	31.85 b	31.45 a	32.40 b	31.38 a	31.15 a	31.17 a	31.80 b
Yield of fat [dt ha⁻¹]	24.15 a	24.37 a	10.38 a	11.61 a	17.95 a	20.17 b	17.49 a	18.72 a
Number of pods per plant [pcs.]	178.19 a	185.73 a	102.45 a	88.97 a	115.06 a	106.30 a	131.90 a	127.00 a
Number of seeds per pod [pcs.]	24.00 a	28.00 a	23.00 a	29.50 b	28.75 a	32.50 b	25.25 a	30.00 b
Weight of 1000 seeds [g]	4.58 b	4.28 a	4.18 a	4.26 a	5.74 a	5.85 a	4.83 a	4.80 a
Seed yield per plant [g]	18.62 a	19.83 a	9.69 a	11.25 a	18.77 a	20.09 a	15.70 a	17.06 a
Bulk density [kg hl⁻¹]	70.28 a	70.15 a	68.98 a	69.25 a	69.59 a	70.85 a	69.61 a	70.08 a
Gross yield value [PLN ha⁻¹]	18295 a	19187 a	4759 a	5475 a	8380 a	9078 a	10478 a	11247 a
Gross yield value increase [PLN ha⁻¹]	0 a	893 a	0 a	717 a	0 a	699 a	0 a	769 a
Net production value increase [PLN ha⁻¹] – use in combination with other treatments	0 a	729 a	0 a	553 a	0 a	535 a	0 a	605 a
Net production value increase [PLN ha⁻¹] – separate use	0 a	669 a	0 a	493 a	0 a	475 a	0 a	545 a

P values based on analysis of variance for assessed characteristics (2022–2024)_

Variable	Year (Y)	Treatment (A)	Year × Treatment (Y × A)
Plant density at harvest [pcs. m⁻²]	<0.05	0.965	0.992
Seed yield at standard moisture (9%) [dt ha⁻¹]	<0.05	<0.05	0.971
Seed moisture [%}	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05
Fat content in seeds [% d.m.]	<0.05	0.313	<0.05
Protein content in seeds [% d.m.]	<0.05	0.415	0.276
Content of ADF (acid detergent fiber) in seeds [% d.m.]	<0.05	0.102	0.431
Content of NDF (detergent neutral fiber) in seeds [% d.m.]	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05
Yield of fat [dt ha⁻¹]	<0.05	0.067	0.443
Number of pods per plant [pcs.]	<0.05	0.833	0.926
Number of seeds per pod [pcs.]	<0.05	<0.05	0.712
Weight of 1000 seeds [g]	<0.05	0.721	0.248
Seed yield per plant [g]	<0.05	0.289	0.993
Bulk density [kg hl⁻¹]	0.670	0.688	0.881
Gross yield value [PLN ha⁻¹]	<0.05	0.062	0.975
Gross yield value increase [PLN ha⁻¹]	0.983	0.121	0.983
Net production value increase [PLN ha⁻¹] – use in combination with other treatments	0.983	0.216	0.983
Net production value increase [PLN ha⁻¹] – separate use	0.983	0.263	0.983

Soil analysis results after harvesting the fore crop (2021–2023)_

Year	pH_KCl	Corg [% a.d.w.]	mg kg⁻¹
Year	pH_KCl	Corg [% a.d.w.]	P	K	Mg	B	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn
2021	6.9	1.02	88.1 (high)	119.0 (very low)	103.0 (medium)	1.25^#	4.8^#	720^#	160^#	4.8^#
2022	7.6	2.56	80.0 (high)	124.5 (very low)	149.0 (high)	4.82^#	3.6^#	115 (low)	105^#	3.4^#
2023	7.6	1.90	83.2 (high)	110.0 (very low)	96.4 (medium)	2.14^#	2.9^#	239^#	171^#	3.5^#

Characteristics of variability of winter rapeseed yield traits and profitability (2022–2024)_

Variable	Mean	Minimum	Maximum	Standard deviation	Coefficient of variation [%]
Plant density at harvest [pcs. m⁻²]	26.88	19.00	38.00	5.54	20.60
Seed yield at standard moisture (9%) [dt ha⁻¹]	43.48	18.80	65.95	14.50	33.34
Seed moisture [%]	7.40	6.80	8.50	0.44	6.00
Fat content in seeds [% d.m.]	45.96	42.70	48.80	1.48	3.22
Protein content in seeds [% d.m.]	20.32	17.30	22.20	1.12	5.52
Content of ADF (acid detergent fiber) in seeds [% d.m.]	23.19	21.60	25.00	0.87	3.76
Content of NDF (detergent neutral fiber) in seeds [% d.m.]	31.48	30.40	33.30	0.711	2.26
Yield of fat, dt ha⁻¹	18.10	7.91	26.52	5.79	31.96
Number of pods per plant [pcs.]	129.45	68.02	350.59	63.10	48.74
Number of seeds per pod [pcs.]	27.63	18.00	34.00	4.63	16.77
Weight of 1000 seeds [g]	4.81	4.02	6.43	0.76	15.69
Seed yield per plant [g]	16.38	7.27	26.38	5.10	31.14
Bulk density [kg hl⁻¹]	69.85	63.16	77.95	2.58	3.69
Gross yield value [PLN ha⁻¹]	10862.29	3691.26	20733.32	5959.48	54.86
Gross yield value increase [PLN ha⁻¹]	384.67	−1235.07	3199.85	1097.69	285.36
Net production value increase [PLN ha⁻¹] – use in combination with other treatments	302.67	−1399.07	3035.85	1070.57	353.71
Net production value increase [PLN ha⁻¹] – separate use	272.67	−1459.07	2975.85	1062.13	389.53

The response of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L. (partim)) to foliar application of silicon and calcium in the Zamość region

Figures & Tables

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Rapeseed yield, seed quality, plant morphological features and profitability (2022–2024)_

P values based on analysis of variance for assessed characteristics (2022–2024)_

Soil analysis results after harvesting the fore crop (2021–2023)_

Characteristics of variability of winter rapeseed yield traits and profitability (2022–2024)_

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