Chelate-induced accumulation of rare earth elements in plants grown on soil and ash-based growing media

Element	Soil	Power plant ash
Li	3.25	11.31
Be	0.19	0.83
Al	4967.47	15669.29
V	14.19	35.53
Cr	10.59	46.60
Mn	225.16	6313.97
Fe	7244.23	14030.51
Co	3.20	15.05
Ni	7.58	53.49
Cu	6.75	498.03
Zn	48.39	892.71
As	2.71	9.30
Se	0.19	1.08
Sr	1.08	36.12
Mo	0.24	3.69
Ag	0.14	4.77
Cd	0.24	11.17
Sn	0.04	22.68
Sb	0.04	16.48
Ba	31.73	797.73
La	8.42	8.90
Ce	18.52	18.65
Eu	0.24	0.54
Gd	1.47	1.91
Tl	0.04	0.39
Pb	12.91	117.42
Bi	0.09	6.29
Na	40.31	8769.68
Mg	941.25	10300.19
K	1768.18	18454.72
Ca	1167.80	130492.47
pH in H₂O	7.13	8.55
EC [µS cm⁻¹]	99	11080
Total nitrogen [%N]	0.09	0.12
Total carbon [%C]	1.19	20.60

Table 2.

Contents of the tested REE: La, Ce, Eu and Gd [mg kg⁻¹] in the substrates used in the experiment.

Substrate	La	Ce	Eu	Gd
1	103.55	107.52	90.01	100.54
95% soil, 5% compost	103.55	107.52	90.01	100.54
2	3.21	6.35	0.21	0.68
30% ash, 20% compost, 50% peat	3.21	6.35	0.21	0.68

The total biomass production (g pot⁻¹, dw, mean± SD, n=3) for *Achillea millefolium*, *Trifolium pratense* and *Dryopteris erythrosora* grown on substrate 1 (95% soil, 5% compost), and substrate 2 (30% ash from a power plant, 20% compost, 50% peat). Values marked with different letters indicate significant differences within substrates and chelators for each plants species at p<0.05 according to Tukey’s HSD test (ANOVA).

Table 3.

Values of pH of the substrates used in the experiment after the plant harvest (pH in H₂O, mean± SD, n=3) in substrate 1 (95% soil, 5% compost).

Chelate	Achillea millefolium	Trifolium pratense	Dryopteris erythrosora
Control	6.6 ± 0.15	5.9 ± 0.10	6.2 ± 0.20
5 mM CA	6.2 ± 0.10	5.9 ± 0.05	5.9 ± 0.17
5 mM EGTA	5.9 ± 0.09	5.6 ± 0.10	5.9 ± 0.16
5 mM EDTA	6.2 ± 0.14	5.6 ± 0.09	6.1 ± 0.03
10 mM CA	5.5 ± 0.07	5.6 ± 0.17	5.7 ± 0.17
10 mM EGTA	5.6 ± 0.13	6.1 ± 0.14	5.7 ± 0.16
10 mM EDTA	5.6 ± 0.44	5.9 ± 0.06	5.9 ± 0.25

Table 4.

Values of pH of the substrates used in the experiment after the plant harvest (pH in H₂O, mean± SD, n=3) in substrate 2 (30% ash from a power plant, 20% compost, 50% peat).

Chelate	Achillea millefolium	Trifolium pratense	Dryopteris erythrosora
Control	7.3 ± 0.19	7.4 ±0.02	7.4 ± 0.03
5 mM CA	7.3 ± 0.08	7.3 ± 0.04	7.4 ± 0.06
5 mM EGTA	7.5 ± 0.196	7.4 ± 0.04	7.6 ± 0.04
5 mM EDTA	7.3 ± 0.06	7.3 ± 0.06	7.4 ± 0.13
10 mM CA	7.2 ± 0.02	7.3 ± 0.06	7.3 ± 0.04
10 mM EGTA	7.3 ± 0.03	7.3 ± 0.03	7.3 ± 0.08
10 mM EDTA	7.4 ± 0.04	7.3 ± 0.18	7.3 ± 0.10

Table 5.

Concentrations of La, Ce, Eu, and Gd in above ground parts and underground parts of Achillea millefoliumwhen grown on two substrates (mg kg−1, mean± SD, n= 3). The substrates used were as follows: substrate 1 (95% soil, 5% compost), substrate 2 (30% ash from a power plant, 20% compost, 50% peat).

Substrate	Chelator	Aboveground parts				Underground parts
Substrate	Chelator	La	Ce	Eu	Gd	La	Ce	Eu	Gd
1	Control	1.68 ±0.24 ab	1.46 ±0.36 b	0.31 ±0.03 e	0.95 ±0.26 b	43.59 ±0.92 b	37.40 ±0.75 b	23.76 ±0.33 cd	45.74 ±2.82 b
1	5 mM CA	1.81 ±0.15 ab	1.67 ±0.16 b	0.57 ±0.02 de	1.28 ±0.12 ab	37.78 ±5.39 cd	29.29 ±5.76 c	32.41 ±4.17 b	40.15 ±2.18 bc
1	5 mM EGTA	1.58 ±0.26 c	1.78 ±0.23 b	0.67 ±0.17 cd	1.46 ±0.19 ab	57.63 ±0.26 a	53.15 ±0.68 a	41.84 ±2.65 a	63.60 ±3.43 a
1	5 mM EDTA	1.81 ±0.15 ab	1.69 ±0.09 b	1.50 ±0.22 b	3.50 ±0.54 a	41.40 ±0.82 bc	28.53 ±2.58 cd	14.76 ±1.47 e	35.61 ±0.85 d
1	10 mM CA	2.04 ±0.03 a	2.26 ±0.36 b	0.72 ±0.29 cd	1.43 ±0.69 ab	33.68 ±0.56 d	27.23 ±2.83 cd	19.76 ±0.08 d	39.70 ±1.27 c
1	10 mM EGTA	1.71 ±0.09 ab	1.74 ±1.06 b	1.05 ±0.21 c	2.12 ±0.10 a	39.11 ±0.63 bc	41.90 ±0.52 b	20.53 ±0.51 cd	34.59 ±5.09 d
1	10 mM EDTA	2.00 ±0.09 a	2.82 ±1.06 a	4.00 ±0.21 a	3.70 ±0.10 a	32.56 ±0.63 e	43.16 ±0.52 b	32.38 ±0.51 c	31.37 ±5.09 d
2	Control	0.04 ±0.02 d	0.10 ±0.03 c	0.02 ±0.01 f	0.06 ±0.03 c	0.36 ±0.01 f	0.58 ±0.0352 e	0.23 ±0.06 f	0.40 ±0.04 e
2	5 mM CA	0.05 ±0.02 d	0.11 ±0.02 c	0.03 ±0.01 f	0.06 ±0.01 c	0.19 ±0.01 f	0.12 ±0.01 e	0.12 ±0.01 f	0.21 ±0.01 e
2	5 mM EGTA	0.08 ±0.02 d	0.15 ±0.03 c	0.05 ±0.01 f	0.13 ±0.03 c	0.31 ±0.08 f	0.18 ±0.039 e	0.05 ±0.01 f	0.32 ±0.34 e
2	5 mM EDTA	0.09 ±0.03 d	0.13 ±0.05 c	0.03 ±0.02 f	0.08 ±0.05 c	0.24 ±0.03 f	0.14 ±0.05 e	0.05 ±0.01 f	0.08 ±0.01 e
2	10 mM CA	0.07 ±0.01 d	0.12 ±0.02 c	0.04 ±0.01 f	0.06 ±0.01 c	0.11 ±0.01 f	0.14 ±0.01 e	0.04 ±0.01 f	0.08 ±0.01 e
2	10 mM EGTA	0.04 ±0.01 d	0.08 ±0.01 c	0.01 ±0.0001 f	0.05 ±0.005 c	0.25 ±0.02 f	0.27 ±0.01 e	0.07 ±0.02 f	0.25 ±0.03 e
2	10 mM EDTA	0.05 ±0.01 d	0.12 ±0.03 c	0.02 ±0.01 f	0.07 ±0.02 c	0.32 ±0.03 f	0.34 ±0.04 e	0.17 ±0.03 f	0.28 ±0.08 e

[i] Values marked with different letters (a, b, c, etc.) for each element in relation to substrates and chelators are significantly different at p < 0.05 according to Tukey’s HSD test (ANOVA).

Table 6.

Concentrations of La, Ce, Eu, and Gd in above ground parts and underground parts of Trifolium pratensewhen grown on two substrates (mg kg⁻¹, mean± SD, n = 3). The substrates used were as follows: substrate 1 (95% soil, 5% compost), substrate 2 (30% ash from a power plant, 20% compost, 50% peat).

Substrate	Chelator	Aboveground parts				Underground part
Substrate	Chelator	La	Ce	Eu	Gd	La	Ce	Eu	Gd
1	Control	3.98 ±0.69 a	3.01 ±0.39 b	0.88 ±0.16 c	2.47 ±0.33 c	42.12 ±1.77 b	43.13 ±3.78 b	16.16 ±1.37 d	39.13 ±0.28 bc
1	5 mM CA	3.63 ±0.14 b	2.96 ±0.04 c	0.98 ±0.14 c	2.71 ±0.18 c	35.89 ±1.54 c	34.18 ±1.43 c	15.19 ±0.65 d	37.56 ±2.00 cd
1	5 mM EGTA	3.47 ±0.25 b	2.50 ±0.22 d	1.01 ±0.17 c	2.68 ±0.18 c	37.45 ±0.25 bc	35.15 ±0.68 c	22.77 ±2.65 c	34.07 ±3.42 de
1	5 mM EDTA	3.45 ±0.34 b	3.03 ±0.23 b	2.62 ±0.22 b	5.28 ±0.39 b	40.46 ±1.30 bc	33.34 ±2.12 c	23.11 ±0.30 c	33.66 ±1.04 de
1	10 mM CA	3.56 ±0.32 b	2.29 ±0.19 d	1.05 ±0.12 c	2.26 ±0.26 c	60.20 ±2.18 a	44.84 ±1.65 b	30.13 ±1.05 b	51.15 ±3.45 a
1	10 mM EGTA	2.88 ±0.05 c	4.01 ±0.15 a	3.70 ±0.18 a	5.94 ±0.01 b	60.16 ±4.72 a	62.22 ±5.15 a	45.91 ±6.40 a	43.19 ±2.76 b
1	10 mM EDTA	3.55 ±0.20 b	3.82 ±0.36 a	3.98 ±0.70 a	10.20 ±0.53 a	32.56 ±0.86 c	43.16 ±0.42 b	32.38 ±1.57 b	31.37 ±1.54 d
2	Control	0.04 ±0.01 d	0.07 ±0.01 e	0.02 ±0.01 d	0.05 ±0.02 d	0.42 ±0.03 d	0.53 ±0.02 d	0.23 ±0.03 e	0.39 ±0.04 e
2	5 mM CA	0.06 ±0.02 d	0.09 ±0.01 e	0.02 ±0.01 d	0.07 ±0.03 d	0.48 ±0.18 d	0.29 ±0.06 d	0.40 ±0.18 e	0.39 ±0.06 e
2	5 mM EGTA	0.04 ±0.02 d	0.10 ±0.01 e	0.02 ±0.01 d	0.04 ±0.01 d	0.25 ±0.05 d	0.34 ±0.06 d	0.16 ±0.06 e	0.19 ±0.05 e
2	5 mM EDTA	0.02 ±0.01 d	0.05 ±0.01 e	0.01 ±0.01 d	0.02 ±0.01 d	0.24 ±0.10 d	0.14 ±0.03 d	0.05 ±0.01 e	0.08 ±0.02 e
2	10 mM CA	0.03 ±0.03 d	0.08 ±0.05 e	0.06 ±0.07 d	0.04 ±0.02 d	0.62 ±0.13 d	0.80 ±0.13 d	0.43 ±0.03 e	0.78 ±0.09 e
2	10 mM EGTA	0.04 ±0.01 d	0.08 ±0.01 e	0.01 ±0.01 d	0.03 ±0.01 d	0.29 ±0.06 d	0.25 ±0.01 d	0.10 ±0.02 e	0.30 ±0.06 e
2	10 mM EDTA	0.02 ±0.01 d	0.05 ±0.02 e	0.01 ±0.01 d	0.03 ±0.01 d	0.32 ±0.05 d	0.34 ±0.01 d	0.17 ±0.03 e	0.28 ±0.01 e

[i] Values marked with different letters (a, b, c, etc.) for each element in relation to substrates and chelators are significantly different at p < 0.05 according to Tukey’s HSD test (ANOVA).

Table 7.

Concentrations of La, Ce, Eu, and Gd in aboveground parts and underground parts ofDryopteris erythrosorawhen grown on two substrates (mg kg ⁻¹, mean± SD, n= 3). The substrates used were as follows: substrate 1 (95% soil, 5% compost), substrate 2 (30% ash from a power plant, 20% compost, 50% peat).

Substrate	Chelator	Aboveground parts				Underground part
Substrate	Chelator	La	Ce	Eu	Gd	La	Ce	Eu	Gd
1	Control	8.73 ±0.09 d	7.48 ±0.79 d	2.61 ±0.09 b	3.29 ±0.10 e	51.61 ±0.41 a	35.15 ±2.72 c	20.15 ±1.28 b	44.77 ±2.37 a
1	5 mM CA	9.67 ±1.99 c	9.08 ±1.20 c	3.60 ±0.10 a	4.99 ±0.33 c	38.36 ±1.79 b	45.11 ±3.90 a	29.74 ±2.09 a	42.00 ±0.75 ab
1	5 mM EGTA	7.98 ±0.25 de	5.99 ±0.21 d	2.53 ±0.08 b	3.42 ±0.30 e	39.37 ±5.85 b	34.24 ±0.44 c	22.87 ±1.11 b	37.36 ±1.82 b
1	5 mM EDTA	9.11 ±0.47 c	6.02 ±0.28 d	3.00 ±0.64 ab	2.82 ±0.03 f	28.35 ±6.006 c	27.00 ±5.23 d	30.30 ±1.46 a	25.40 ±2.11 c
1	10 mM CA	23.54 ±2.61 a	15.24 ±2.86 a	3.24 ±0.36 ab	7.71 ±0.98 a	49.15 ±1.64 a	40.98 ±1.83 b	21.28 ±0.55 b	42.40 ±2.99 a
1	10 mM EGTA	14.66 ±0.19 b	12.30 ±0.26 b	3.57 ±0.14 a	6.13 ±0.53 b	43.04 ±1.18 b	47.33 ±1.00 a	20.40 ±3.17 b	38.99 ±0.67 b
1	10 mM EDTA	12.08 ±1.21 bc	9.00 ±0.38 c	1.47 ±0.26 c	4.17 ±0.19 c	54.56 ±1.67 a	46.56 ±0.46 a	28.94 ±4.01 a	37.27 ±2.05 b
2	Control	0.14 ±0.02 f	0.22 ±0.04 e	0.01 ±0.01 d	0.03 ±0.01 g	0.25 ±0.03 d	0.47 ±0.01 e	0.03 ±0.01 c	0.11 ±0.03 d
2	5 mM CA	0.30 ±0.05 f	0.31 ±0.04 e	0.16 ±0.06 d	0.18 ±0.06 g	0.18 ±0.06 d	0.28 ±0.01 e	0.04 ±0.01 c	0.07 ±0.001 d
2	5 mM EGTA	0.25 ±0.03 f	0.24 ±0.04 e	0.03 ±0.01 d	0.09 ±0.07 g	0.13 ±0.02 d	0.32 ±0.01 e	0.02 ±0.01 c	0.05 ±0.01 d
2	5 mM EDTA	0.50 ±0.13 f	0.68 ±0.10 e	0.02 ±0.01 d	0.04 ±0.01 g	0.13 ±0.03 d	0.22 ±0.02 e	0.03 ±0.01 c	0.03 ±0.001 d
2	10 mM CA	0.81 ±0.31 f	0.94 ±0.22 e	0.14 ±0.10 d	0.33 ±0.04 g	0.15 ±0.02 d	0.32 ±0.02 e	0.06 ±0.02 c	0.07 ±0.01 d
2	10 mM EGTA	0.21 ±0.05 f	0.39 ±0.01 e	0.03 ±0.01 d	0.09 ±0.01 g	0.12 ±0.01 d	0.30 ±0.01 e	0.02 ±0.01 c	0.05 ±0.01 d
2	10 mM EDTA	0.36 ±0.05 f	0.55 ±0.07 e	0.04 ±0.01 d	0.07 ±0.02 g	0.18 ±0.02 d	0.36 ±0.07 e	0.06 ±0.03 c	0.11 ±0.03 d

[i] Values marked with different letters (a, b, c, etc.) for each element in relation to substrates and chelators are significantly different at p < 0.05 according to Tukey’s HSD test (ANOVA).

Translocation factor for La, Ce, Eu and Gd for *Achillea millefolium, Trifolium pratense* and *Dryopteris erythrosora* in two substrates. The substrates used were as follows: substrate 1 (95% soil, 5% compost), substrate 2 (30% ash from a power plant, 20% compost, 50% peat). The markings show BCF for: La-1, Ce-1, Eu-1, Gd-1 – REE in substrate 1, La-2, Ce-2, Eu-2, Gd-2 –REE in substrate 2.

Bioconcentration factor for La, Ce, Eu and Gd for *Achillea millefolium, Trifolium pratense* and *Dryopteris erythrosora* in two substrates. The substrates used were as follows: substrate 1 (95% soil, 5% compost), substrate 2 (30% ash from a power plant, 20% compost, 50% peat). The markings show BCF for: La-1, Ce-1, Eu-1, Gd-1 – REE in substrate 1, La-2, Ce-2, Eu-2, Gd-2 – REE in substrate 2.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cag-2025-0001 | Journal eISSN: 3071-740X (formerly 2956-9494) | Journal ISSN: 2081-2787

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Language: English

Page range: 1 - 16

Submitted on: Feb 14, 2025

Accepted on: Feb 24, 2025

Published on: Apr 30, 2025

Published by: Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: Volume open

Keywords:

chelate,

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© 2025 Dominika Gmur, Grzegorz Siebielec, Monika Pecio, published by Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 54 (2025): Issue 2 (June 2025)

Chelate-induced accumulation of rare earth elements in plants grown on soil and ash-based growing media

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Table 2.

Figure 1.

Table 3.

Table 4.

Table 5.

Table 6.

Table 7.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

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