Figure no. 1:
The process of security by design
(Source: Author, based on Chattopadhyay et al., 2018)
Figure no. 2:
The comprehensive approach to security by design
(Source: Author, based on: Elmarkez et al., 2025)
Figure no. 3:
The security life cycle
(Source: HM Government, 2021, p. 11)
Figure no. 4:
Phases and steps in security by design implementation in UK
(Source: HM Government, 2021, p. 11)